


                       ------------------------------
                              THE CONSTITUTION

                      OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                       _______________________________

        WE THE PEOPLE of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
union, ESTABLISH JUSTICE, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common
defence, promote the general welfare, and SECURE THE BLESSINGS OF LIBERTY TO
OURSELVES AND OUR POSTERITY, do ORDAIN and ESTABLISH this Constitution for
the United States of America.

                                  ARTICLE I

    SECTION 1. ALL LEGISLATIVE POWERS  HEREIN GRANTED SHALL BE VESTED  IN A
    CONGRESS of the United  States, which shall consist  of a Senate and  a
    House of Representatives.

    SECTION 2. The  house of Representatives  shall be composed  of Members
    chosen every second Year by the  people of the several states, and  the
    electors  in  each  state  shall  have the Qualifications requisite for
    Electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.

    No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to  the
    Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the  United
    States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State
    in which he shall be chosen.

    Representatives and DIRECT TAXES SHALL BE APPORTIONED AMONG THE SEVERAL
    STATES which  may be  included within  this Union,  according to  their
    respective Numbers, which  shall be determined  by adding to  the whole
    Number of FREE PERSONS, including those bound to Service for a term  of
    Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other  Per-
    sons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the
    first Meeting of  the Congress of  the United States,  and within every
    subsequent Term  of ten  Years, in  such Manner  as they  shall by  Law
    direct. The Number  of Representatives shall  not exceed one  for every
    thirty thousand, but each state shall have at Least one Representative;
    and until such  enumeration shall be  made, the State  of New Hampshire
    shall be entitled  to chuse three,  Rhode Island and  Providence Plant-
    ations one, Connecticut five,  New-York six, New Jersey  four, Pennsyl-
    vania eight, Delaware one,  Maryland six, Virginia ten,  North Carolina
    five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

    When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the  Execu-
    tive  Authority  thereof  shall  issue  Writs  of Election to fill such
    Vacancies.

    The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other  Offi-
    cers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

    SECTION 3. The  Senate of the  United States shall  be composed of  two
    Senators from each State, [chosen by the legislature thereof] 3 for six
    years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

    Immediately after they shall be  assembled in Consequence of the  first
    Election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may be into three
    Classes. The seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be  vacated
    at the Expiration of  the second Year, of  the second class at  the Ex-
    piration of the fourth Year, and  of the third Class at the  Expiration
    of the sixth Year, so that  one-third may be chosen every second  Year;
    [and  if  Vacancies  happen  by  Resignation,  or otherwise, during the
    Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may  make
    temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which
    shall then fill such Vacancies.

    No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age  of
    thirty Years, and been nine Years  a Citizen of the United States,  and
    who shall not, when elected, be  an Inhabitant of that State for  which
    he shall be chosen.

    The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate,
    but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.

    The Senate shall chuse their  other Officers, and also a  President pro
    tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice  President,  or when he shall
    exercise the Office of President of the United States.

    The Senate  shall have  the sole  power to  try all  impeachments. When
    sitting for that  purpose, they shall  be on oath  or affirmation. When
    the President of  the United States  is tried, the  Chief Justice shall
    preside: And no  person shall be  convicted without the  concurrence of
    two-thirds of the members present.

    Judgement in case of impeachment  shall not extend further than  to re-
    moval from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of
    honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted
    shall nevertheless be liable  and subject to indictment,  trial, judge-
    ment and punishment, according to law.

    Sect. 4.  The times, places  and manner of holding elections for  sena-
    tors and  representatives, shall  be prescribed  in each  state by  the
    legislature thereof; but the  Congress may at any  time by law make  or
    alter such regulations, except as to the places of chusing Senators.

    The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meet-
    ing shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by  law
    appoint a different day.

    Sect. 5.  Each house shall  be the judge of the elections,  returns and
    qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall consti-
    tute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day
    to day, and may be authorized  to compel the attendance of absent  mem-
    bers, in  such manner,  and under  such penalties  as each  house shall
    provide.

    Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its  mem-
    bers for disorderly behavior,  and with the concurrence  of two-thirds,
    expel a member.

    Each house shall keep  a journal of its  proceedings, and from time  to
    time publish the same, excepting  such parts as may in  their judgement
    require secrecy; and the yeas and  nays of the members of either  house
    on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present,  be
    entered on the journal.

    Neither house, during the sessions of Congress, shall without the  con-
    sent of the other, adjourn for  more than three days, nor to  any other
    place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

    Sect. 6.   The senators  and representatives  shall receive  a  compen-
    sation for their services,  to be ascertained by  law, and paid out  of
    the treasury  of the  United States.  They shall  in all  cases, except
    treason, felony  and breach  of the  peace, be  privileged from  arrest
    during their attendance at the session of their respective houses,  and
    in going to and returning from  the same; and for any speech  or debate
    in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

    No senator or  representative shall, during  the time for  which he was
    elected, be appointed  to any civil  office under the  authority of the
    United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
    shall have been encreased during  such time; and no person  holding any
    office  under  the  United  States,  shall  be a member of either house
    during his continuance in office.

    Sect. 7.  All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of
    representatives; but the senate  may propose or concur  with amendments
    as on other bills.

    Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives and the
    senate, shall before  it become law,  be presented to  the president of
    the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he  shall
    return it, with  his objections to  that house it  which it shall  have
    originated, who shall enter the  objections at large on their  journal,
    and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration  two-thirds
    of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,  together
    with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise  be
    reconsidered, and  if approved  by two-thirds  of that  house, it shall
    become a law. But in all such  cases the votes of both houses shall  be
    determined by yeas and  nays, and the names  of the persons voting  for
    and against  the bill  shall be  entered on  the journal  of each house
    respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within
    ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to  him,
    the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it,  unless
    the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case  it
    shall not be a law.

    Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate
    and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question  of
    adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United  States;
    and before the same  shall take effect, shall  be approved by him,  or,
    being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate
    and House of  Representatives, according to  the rules and  limitations
    prescribed in the case of a bill.

    Sect. 8.. The Congress shall have power:

    To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts
    and provide for  the common defence  and general welfare  of the United
    States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout
    the United States;

    To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

    To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among the several
    states, and with the Indian tribes;

    To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the
    subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

    To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix
    the standard of weights and measures;

    To  provide  for  the  punishment  of counterfeiting the securities and
    current coin of the United States;

    To establish post offices and post roads;

    To promote  the progress  of science  and useful  arts, by securing for
    limited times  to authors  and inventors  the exclusive  right to their
    respective writings and discoveries;

    To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court;

    To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high  seas,
    and offences against the law of nations;

    To declare war,  grant letters of  marque and reprisal,  and make rules
    concerning captures on land and water;

    To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that  use
    shall be for a longer term than two years;

    To provide and maintain a navy;

    To make rules for the government  and regulation of the land and  naval
    forces;

    To provide for  calling forth the  militia to execute  the laws of  the
    union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;

    To provide for organizing,  arming, and disciplining, the  militia, and
    for governing such part  of them as may  be employed in the  service of
    the United States, reserving  to the States respectively,  the appoint-
    ment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia accord-
    ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

    To exercise exclusive  legislation in all  cases whatsoever, over  such
    district (not exceeding ten square miles) as may, by cession of partic-
    ular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of govern-
    ment of  the United  States, and  to exercise  like authority  over all
    places purchased  by the  consent of  the legislature  of the  state in
    which the  same shall  be, for  the erection  of forts,  magazines, ar-
    senals, dock yards, and other needful buildings; - And

    To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying  into
    execution the  foregoing powers,  and all  other powers  vested by this
    constitution in the government of the United States, or in any  depart-
    ment or officer thereof.

    Sect. 9. The  migration or importation  of such persons  as any of  the
    states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibit-
    ed by the  Congress prior to  the year one  thousand eight hundred  and
    eight, but a tax  or duty may be  imposed on such importation,  not ex-
    ceeding ten dollars for each person.

    The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,  un-
    less when in cases of rebellion  or invasion the public safety may  re-
    quire it.

    No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.

    No capitation, or  other direct, tax  shall be laid,  unless in propor-
    tion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

    No tax or duty  shall be laid on  articles exported from any  state. No
    preference shall be given for any regulation of commerce or revenue  to
    the ports of one state over  those of another: nor shall vessels  bound
    to, or from, one  state, be obliged to  enter, clear, or pay  duties in
    another.

    No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appro-
    priations made by law; and a  regular statement and account of the  re-
    ceipts and  expenditures of  all public  money shall  be published from
    time to time.

    No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no per-
    son holding any  office of profit  or trust under  them, shall, without
    the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument,  office,
    or  title,  of  any  kind  whatever,  from any king, prince, or foreign
    state.

    Sect. 10.   No state  shall enter  into any  treaty, alliance,  or con-
    federation;  grant  letters  of  marque  and reprisal; coin money; emit
    bills of credit; make  any thing but gold  and silver coin a  tender in
    payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law
    impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

    No state  shall, without  the consent  of Congress,  lay any imposts or
    duties on imports or exports,  except what may be absolutely  necessary
    for executing its  inspection laws; and  the net produce  of all duties
    and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for  the
    use of the Treasury  of the United States;  and all such laws  shall be
    subject to the  revision and control  of the Congress.  No state shall,
    without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep  troops,
    or ships of war in time  of peace, enter into any agreement  or compact
    with another state, or with a  foreign power, or engage in war,  unless
    actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger as will not admit of
    delay.



                                 ARTICLE II

    Sect. 1.   The executive power  shall be vested  in a president  of the
    United States of America. He shall  hold his office during the term  of
    four years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the  same
    term, be elected as follows.

    Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may
    direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and
    representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress: but
    no senator or representative, or  person holding an office of  trust or
    profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

    The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by  ballot
    for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the
    same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the  per-
    sons voted for, and  of the number of  votes for each; which  list they
    shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the  govern-
    ment of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The
    president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and  house
    of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then
    be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the
    president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
    appointed; and if there  be more than one  who have such majority,  and
    have an equal number of  votes, the house of representatives  shall im-
    mediately chuse by ballot one of  them for president; and if no  person
    have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said  house
    shall in like manner chuse the president. But in chusing the president,
    the vote shall be taken  by states, the representation from  each state
    having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or
    members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states
    shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of  the
    president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the  elec-
    tors shall  be the  vice-president. But  if there  should remain two or
    more who have equal votes, the senator shall chuse from them by  ballot
    the vice-president.

    The Congress may  determine the time  of chusing the  electors, and the
    day on which they shall give  their votes; which day shall be  the same
    throughout the United States.

    No person except  a natural born  Citizen, or a  Citizen of the  United
    States, at  the time  of the  adoption of  this constitution,  shall be
    eligible  to  the  office  of  president;  neither  shall any person be
    eligible to  that office  who shall  not have  attained to  the age  of
    thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
    States.

    In case of the removal of  the president from office, or of  his death,
    resignation, or  inability to  discharge the  powers and  duties of the
    said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president, and the Con-
    gress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or
    inability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring what of-
    ficer shall then act as  president, and such officer shall  act accord-
    ingly,  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a  president shall be
    elected.

    The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a  com-
    pensation, which shall neither  be encreased nor diminished  during the
    period for which he shall have  been elected, and he shall not  receive
    within that period any other  emolument from the United States,  or any
    of them.

    Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the  fol-
    lowing oath or affirmation:

           "I DO SOLEMNLY SWEAR  (OR AFFIRM).THAT I WILL  FAITHFULLY
           EXECUTE THE OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AND
           WILL TO  THE BEST  OF MY  ABILITY, PRESERVE,  PROTECT AND
           DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES."

    Sect. 2.   The president shall  be commander in  chief of the  army and
    navy of the United  States, and of the  militia of the several  States,
    when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the United States; he may
    require the opinion,  in writing, of  the principal officer  in each of
    the executive departments, upon any  subject relating to the duties  of
    their respective offices,  and he shall  have power to  grant reprieves
    and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases  of
    impeachment.

    He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the  senate,
    to make treaties, provided  two-thirds of the senators  present concur;
    and he shall nominate,  and by and with  the advice and consent  of the
    senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and  consuls,
    judges of the  sup- reme court,  and all other  officers of the  United
    States, whose appointments are  not herein otherwise provided  for, and
    which shall be established  by law.  But  the Congress may by  law vest
    the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the
    president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

    The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen
    during the recess  of the senate,  by granting commissions  which shall
    expire at the end of their next session.

    Sect. 3.  He shall from  time to time give to the  Congress information
    of the state  of the union,  and recommend to  their consideration such
    measures as he shall judge  necessary and expedient; he may,  on extra-
    ordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case
    of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of  adjournment,
    he may adjourn  them to such  time as he  shall think proper;  he shall
    receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that
    the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the  officers
    of the United States.

    Sect. 4.  The president,  vice-president and all civil officers  of the
    United States,  shall be  removed from  office on  impeachment for, and
    conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.



                                ARTICLE III

    Sect. 1. The judicial  power of the United  States, shall be vested  in
    one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from
    time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme  and
    inferior courts,  shall hold  their offices  during good  behavior, and
    shall, at  stated times,  receive for  their services,  a compensation,
    which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

    Sect. 2.  The judicial  power shall  extend to  all cases,  in law  and
    equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States,
    and treaties made,  or which shall  be made, under  their authority; to
    all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to
    all cases of admiralty  and maritime jurisdiction; to  controversies to
    which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between  two
    or more states, between a state and Citizens of another state,  between
    Citizens of different states, between Citizens of the same state claim-
    ing lands under grants of different States, and between a state, or the
    Citizens thereof and foreign States, Citizens or subjects.

    In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,
    and those in which  a state shall be  a party, the supreme  court shall
    have original jurisdiction.  In all the  other cases before  mentioned,
    the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and
    fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the  Congress
    shall make.

    The trial of all  crimes, except in cases  of impeachment, shall be  by
    jury; and such trial shall be  held in the state where the  said crimes
    shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the
    trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law  have
    directed.

    Sect. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levy-
    ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them  aid
    and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes-
    timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on open confession in
    open court.

    The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but
    no attainder of treason shall  work corruption of blood, or  forfeiture
    except during the life of the person attainted.



                                 ARTICLE IV

    Sect. 1.   Full faith and  credit shall be  given in each  state to the
    public acts, records,  and judicial proceedings  of every other  state.
    And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such
    acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

    Sect. 2.  The  Citizens of each state  shall be entitled to  all privi-
    leges and immunities of Citizens in the several states.

    A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who
    shall flee from justice, and be  found in another state, shall, on  de-
    mand of the  executive authority of  the state from  which he fled,  be
    delivered up,  to be  removed to  the state  having jurisdiction of the
    crime.

    No  person  held  to  service  or  labour  in one state, under the laws
    thereof, escaping  into another,  shall, in  consequence of  any law or
    regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such service or labour, but
    shall be delivered  up on claim  of the party  to whom such  service or
    labour may be due.

    Sect. 3.  New states may  be admitted by the Congress into  this union;
    but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction  of
    any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more
    states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures  of
    the states concerned as well as of the Congress.

    The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful  rules
    and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to
    the United States;  and nothing in  this Constitution shall  be so con-
    strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any  par-
    ticular state.

    Sect. 4.   The United  States shall  guarantee to  every state  in this
    union a Republican form of  government, and shall protect each  of them
    against invasion;  and on  application of  the legislature,  or of  the
    executive (when  the legislature  cannot be  convened) against domestic
    violence.


                                 ARTICLE V.


    The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it  necess-
    ary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the applica-
    tion of two-thirds of the  several states, shall call a  convention for
    proposing amendments,  which, in  either case,  shall be  valid to  all
    intents and purposes,  as part of  this constitution, when  ratified by
    the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by  conven-
    tions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi-
    cation may  be proposed  by the  Congress; Provided,  that no amendment
    which may  be made  prior to  the year  one thousand  eight hundred and
    eight shall in any  manner affect the first  and fourth clauses in  the
    ninth section  of the  first article;  and that  no state,  without its
    consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate.


                                 ARTICLE VI

    All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the  adoption
    of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under
    this Constitution, as under the confederation.

    This constitution,  and the  laws of  the United  States which shall be
    made in  pursuance thereof;  and all  treaties made,  or which shall be
    made, under the  authority of the  United States, shall  be the supreme
    law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound  thereby,
    any thing  in the  constitution or  laws of  any state  to the contrary
    notwithstanding.

    The senators  and representatives  beforementioned, and  the members of
    the several state  legislatures, and all  executive and judicial  offi-
    cers, both of  the United States  and of the  several States, shall  be
    bound by  oath or  affirmation, to  support this  constitution; but  no
    religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any  office
    or public trust under the United States.



                                 ARTICLE VII

    The ratification of the conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient
    for the establishment of this constitution between the States so  rati-
    fying the same.



    Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the
    seventeenth day  of September,  in the  year of  our Lord  one thousand
    seven hundred and eighty-seven, and  of the independence of the  United
    States the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed  our
    Names.


    GEORGE WASHINGTON, president,
    And Deputy from Virginia.


    New-Hampshire    John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman
    Massachusetts    Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King
    Connecticut      William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman
    New-York         Alexander Hamilton
    New-Jersey       William Livingston, David Brearley, William Paterson,
                     Jonathan Dayton,
    Pennsylvania.    Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Miffin, Robert Morris,
                     George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll,
                     James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris,
    Delaware         George Read, Gunning Bedford, Junior, John Dickinson,
                     Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom.
    Maryland         James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carrol
    Virginia         John Blair, James Madison, Junior
    North-Carolina   William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson.
    South-Carolina   John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,
                     Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler.
    Georgia         (William Few, Abraham Baldwin.


    attest, William Jackson, Secretary


                      ______________________________

                               AMENDMENTS TO

                              THE CONSTITUTION
                      OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                      _______________________________




                                THE BILL OF RIGHTS

                                     PREAMBLE

     Preamble  to  the  bill  of  rights  of the Constitution of the United
     States of America

     Conventions of a number of States, having at the time of their  adopt-
     ing the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent  miscon-
     struction or  abuse of  its powers,  that further  declaratory and re-
     strictive clauses  should be  added: And  as extending  the ground  of
     public confidence in  the Government, will  but ensure the  beneficent
     ends of its institution

           RESOLVED...the following articles be ... part of the said
           Constitution;

       NOTE: THIS PREAMBLE IS NOT OFFICIALLY A PART OF THE CONSTITUTION

     ARTICLES IN  ADDITION TO,  AND AMENDMENT  OF, THE  CONSTITUTION OF THE
     UNITED STATES OF  AMERICA, PROPOSED BY  CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED  BY THE
     LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES,  PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE  OF
     THE ORIGINAL CON-STITUTION

                                     AMENDMENT I
                                       (1791)

     Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
     prohibiting the  free exercise  thereof; or  abridging the  freedom of
     speech, or the press; or the  right of the people peaceably to  assem-
     ble, and to peti-tion the Government for a redress of grievances.

                                     AMENDMENT II
                                        (1791)

     A well regulated  militia, being necessary  to the security  of a free
     State,the right  of the  people to  keep and  bear Arms,  shall not be
     infringed.

                                    AMENDMENT III
                                        (1791)

     No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house,  without
     the consent of the Owner,  nor in time of war,  but in a manner to  be
     prescrib-ed by law.

                                     AMENDMENT IV
                                        (1791)

     The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
     and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not  be
     violated, and no warrants shall  issue, but upon probable cause,  sup-
     ported by Oath or  affirmation, and particularly describing  the place
     to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

                                     AMENDMENT V
                                        (1791)

     No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
     crime, unless on a presentment  or indictment of a Grand  Jury, except
     in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia,  when
     in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any  per-
     son be subject  for the same  offence to be  twice put in  jeopardy of
     life or limb;  nor shall be  com-pelled in any  criminal case to  be a
     witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or  proper-
     ty, without due process of  law; nor shall private property  be taken
     for public use, without just compensation.

                                     AMENDMENT VI
                                        (1791)

     In all criminal prosecutions, the  accused shall enjoy the right  to a
     speedy and public trial,  by an impartial jury  of the State and  dis-
     trict  wherein  the  crime  shall  have been committed, which district
     shall have been previously ascertained  by law, and to be  informed of
     the nature  and cause  of the  accusation; to  be confronted  with the
     witnesses against him; to  have compulsory process for  obtaining wit-
     nesses in his  favor, and to  have the Assistance  of Counsel for  his
     defense.

                                    AMENDMENT VII
                                        (1791)

     In suits at  common law, where  the value in  controversy shall exceed
     twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and  no
     fact tried by a  jury, shall be otherwise  reexamined in any Court  of
     the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

                                    AMENDMENT VIII
                                        (1791)

     Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
     cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

                                     AMENDMENT IX
                                        (1791)

     The enumeration in the Constitution,  of certain rights, shall not  be
     construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

                                     AMENDMENT X
                                       (1791)

     The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
     prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respective-
     ly, or to the people.


                                     AMENDMENT XI
                                        (1795)

     The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to  ex-
     tend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one
     of the United States by Citizens  of another State, or by Citizens  or
     Subjects of any Foreign State.

                                    AMENDMENT XII
                                        (1804)

     The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by  ballot
     for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not  be
     an in-habitant of the same  state with themselves; they shall  name in
     their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct  bal-
     lots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make  dis-
     tinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all  persons
     voted for  as Vice-President,  and of  the number  of votes  for each,
     which lists they  shall sign and  certify, and transmit  sealed to the
     seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President
     of the Senate; - The President  of the Senate shall, in pre-  sence of
     the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and
     the votes shall then be counted; - The person having the greatest num-
     ber of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number  be
     a majority of the  whole number of the  Electors appointed; and if  no
     person have such a majority, then from the persons having the  highest
     numbers not exceeding three on the  list of those voted for as  Presi-
     dent, the House of Representa-tives shall choose immediately, by  bal-
     lot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall  be
     taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a
     quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-
     thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be neces-
     sary  to  a  choice.  [And  if  the House of Representatives shall not
     choose a  President whenever  the right  of choice  shall devolve upon
     them, before the  fourth day of  March next following,  then the Vice-
     President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other
     constitutional disability of the  President. -] The person  having the
     greatest number of  votes as Vice-President,  shall be the  Vice-Pres-
     ident, if such number  be a majority of  the whole number of  Electors
     appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest
     numbers on  the list,  the Senate  shall choose  the Vice-President; a
     quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number
     of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necess-ary to
     a choice. But no person  constitutionally ineligible to the office  of
     President shall be  eligible to that  of Vice-President of  the United
     States.



                                    AMENDMENT XIII
                                        (1865)

     SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a pun-
     ishment for crime  whereof the party  shall have been  duly convicted,
     shall exist within  the United States,  or any place  subject to their
     jurisdiction.

     SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro-
     priate legislation.


                                    AMENDMENT XIV
                                        (1868)

     SECTION 1. All persons born  or naturalized in the United  States, and
     subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States
     and the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce  any
     law which shall  abridge the privileges  or immunities of  citizens of
     the United  States; nor  shall any  State deprive  any person of life,
     liberty, or  property, without  due process  of law;  nor deny  to any
     person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

     SECTION  2.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned among the several
     States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole  num-
     ber of persons in each State,  excluding Indians not taxed.  But  when
     the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for Pres-
     ident and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Con-
     gress, the Executive and Judicial  officers of a State or  the members
     of the Legislature thereof, is  denied to any of the  male inhabitants
     of such  State, being  twenty-one years  of age,  and citizens  of the
     United States,  or in  any way  abridged, except  for participation in
     rebellion, or other crime, the basis of repre- sentation therein shall
     be reduced in  the proportion which  the number of  such male citizens
     shall bear to  the whole number  of male citizens  twenty-one years of
     age in such State.

     SECTION 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,
     or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office,  civil
     or military, under the United States, or under any State, who,  having
     previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
     the United States, or as a  member of any State legislature, or  as an
     executive or Judicial officer of  any State, to support the  Constitu-
     tion  of  the  United  States,  shall  have engaged in insurrection or
     rebellion against  the same,  or given  aid or  comfort to the enemies
     thereof.  But  Congress  may  by  a  vote of two-thirds of each House,
     remove such disability

     SECTION  4.  The  validity  of  the  public debt of the United States,
     authorized by law,  including debts incurred  for payment of  pensions
     and bounties  for services  in suppressing  insurrection or rebellion,
     shall not be questioned. But  neither the United States nor  any State
     shall assume or pay any debt  or obligation incurred in aid of  insur-
     rection or rebellion against the  United States, or any claim  for the
     loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and
     claims shall be held illegal and void.

     SECTION 5. The  Congress shall have  power to enforce,  by appropriate
     legislation, the provisions of this article.



                                     AMENDMENT XV
                                        (1870)

     SECTION 1. The right  of citizens of the  United States to vote  shall
     not be  denied or  abridged by  the United  States or  by any State on
     account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

     SECTION 2. The  Congress shall have  power to enforce  this article by
     appropriate legislation.

                                    AMENDMENT XVI
                                        (1913)

     The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on income, from
     whatever  source  derived,  without  apportionment  among  the several
     States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

                                    AMENDMENT XVII
                                        (1913)

     The Senate  of the  United States  shall be  composed of  two Senators
     from each  State, elected  by the  people thereof,  for six years; and
     each Senator  shall have  one vote.  The electors  in each state shall
     have the qualifications  requisite for electors  of the most  numerous
     branch of the State legislatures.

     When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  of  any State in the
     Senate, the  executive authority  of such  State shall  issue writs of
     election to fill such vacancies: Provide, That the legislature of  any
     State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments
     until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may
     direct.

     This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election  or
     term of  any Senator  chosen before  it becomes  valid as  part of the
     Constitution.




                                   AMENDMENT XVIII
                                        (1919)

     SECTION 1. After  one year from  the ratification of  this article the
     manu-facture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors  within,
     the import-ation  thereof into,  or the  exportation thereof  from the
     United States and  all territory subject  to the jurisdiction  thereof
     for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

     SECTION 2. The Congress and  the several States shall have  concurrent
     power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

     SECTION 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
     ratified as an  amendment to the  Constitution by the  legislatures of
     the  several  States,  as  provided  in the Constitution, within seven
     years from  the date  of the  submission hereof  to the  States by the
     Congress.

                                    AMENDMENT XIX
                                        (1920)

     The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied
     or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

     Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate  leg-
     islation.



                                     AMENDMENT XX
                                        (1933)

     SECTION 1. The terms of the President and Vice-President shall end  at
     noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of senators and  Repre-
     sentatives at noon on  the 3rd day of  January, of the years  in which
     such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and
     the terms of their success-ors shall then begin.

     SECTION 2. The  Congress shall assemble  at least once  in every year,
     and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless
     they shall by law appoint a different day.

     SECTION 3.  If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the
     President, the  President elect  shall have  died, the  Vice-President
     elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been  cho-
     sen before the  time fixed for  the beginning of  his term, or  if the
     President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the  Vice-President
     elect shall act as President  until a President shall have  qualified;
     and the Congress  may by law  provide for the  case wherein neither  a
     President elect nor a  Vice-President elect shall have  qualified, de-
     claring who then shall then act  as President, or the manner in  which
     one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accord-
     ingly until a President or Vice-President shall have qualified.

     SECTION 4. The Congress may by  law provide for the case of  the death
     of  any  of  the  persons  from  whom the House of Representatives may
     choose a President  whenever the right  of choice shall  have devolved
     upon them, and for  the case of the  death of any of  the persons from
     whom the  Senate may  choose a  Vice-President whenever  the right  of
     choice shall have devolved upon them.

     SECTION 5.  Sections 1  and 2  shall take  effect on  the 15th  day of
     October following the ratification of this article.

     SECTION 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
     ratified as an  amendment to the  Constitution by the  legislatures of
     three-fourths of the several States  within seven years from the  date
     of its submission.

                                    AMENDMENT XXI
                                        (1933)

     SECTION 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution  of
     the United States is hereby repealed.

     SECTION 2. The  transportation or importation  into any State,  Terri-
     tory, or possession of the  United States for delivery or  use therein
     of intoxicating liquors, in violation  of the laws thereof, is  hereby
     prohibited.

     SECTION 3.   This article  shall be  inoperative unless  it shall have
     been ratified as  an amendment to  the Constitution by  conventions in
     the  several  States,  as  provided  in the Constitution, within seven
     years from  the date  of the  submission hereof  to the  States by the
     Congress.



                                    AMENDMENT XXII
                                        (1951)

     SECTION 1.  No person shall be elected to the office of the  President
     more than twice, and no person  who has held the office of  President,
     or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some
     other person was elected President  shall be elected to the  office of
     President more  than once.  But this  article shall  not apply  to any
     person holding the office of Presi-dent when this article was proposed
     by the Congress, and shall not  prevent any person who may be  holding
     the office  of President,  or acting  as Presi-dent,  during the  term
     within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of
     President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

     SECTION 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
     ratified as an  amendment to the  Constitution by the  legislatures of
     three-fourths of the several States  within seven years from the  date
     of its sub-mission to the States by the Congress.


                                   AMENDMENT XXIII
                                        (1961)

     SECTION 1.   The District constituting  the seat of  government of the
     United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:

     A number  of electors  of President  and Vice-President  equal to  the
     whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which  the
     District would be entitled  if it were a  State, but in no  event more
     than the  least populous  State; they  shall be  in addition  to those
     appointed by the  States, but they  shall be considered,  for the pur-
     poses of the election of President and Vice-President, to be  electors
     appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and  perform
     such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

     SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this amendment  by
     appropriate legislation.



                                    AMENDMENT XXIV
                                        (1964)

     SECTION 1. The right of citizens  of the United States to vote  in any
     prim-ary or  other election  for President  or Vice-President,  or for
     Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged
     by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll
     tax or other tax.

     SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this amendment  by
     appropriate legislation.

                                    AMENDMENT XXV
                                        (1967)

     SECTION 1.  In case of the removal of the President from office or  of
     his death or resignation, the Vice-President shall become President.


     SECTION 2.   Whenever there is  a vacancy in  the office of  the Vice-
     Presi-dent, the  President shall  nominate a  Vice-President who shall
     take office  upon confirmation  by a  majority vote  of both Houses of
     Congress.

     SECTION  3.  Whenever  the  President  transmits  to the President pro
     tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of  Representatives
     his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers  and
     duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declar-
     ation to the contrary, such  powers and duties shall be  discharged by
     the Vice-President as acting President.

     SECTION 4. Whenever  the Vice-President and  a majority of  either the
     principal officers of the executive departments or of such other  body
     as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro  tempore
     of the Senate  and the Speaker  of the House  of Representatives their
     written  declaration  that  the  President  is unable to discharge the
     powers and duties of his office, the Vice-President shall  immediately
     assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.

     Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro  tempore
     of the  senate and  the Speaker  of the  House of  Representatives his
     written  declaration  that  no  inability  exists, he shall resume the
     powers  and  duties  of  his  office  unless  the Vice-President and a
     majority of either the princi-pal officers of the executive department
     or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit  within
     four days to the President pro  tempore of the Senate and the  Speaker
     of the  House of  Representatives their  written declaration  that the
     President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his  office.
     Thereupon, Congress shall decide  the issue, assembling within  forty-
     eight hours  for that  purpose if  not in  session.   If the Congress,
     within  twenty-one  days  after  the  receipt  of  the  latter written
     declar- ation, or,  if Congress is  not in session,  within twenty-one
     days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by  two-thirds
     vote of  both Houses  that the  President is  unable to  discharge the
     powers and duties of his office, the Vice-Presi-dent shall continue to
     discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall
     resume the powers and duties of his office.



                                    AMENDMENT XXVI
                                        (1971)

     SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are (18)
     eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or  abrid-
     ged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

     SECTION 2. The  Congress shall have  power to enforce  this article by
     appropriate legislation.

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