                           TO LIGHT A FIRE
                          A Dhamma Discourse
                                       
                                 by
                     The Venerable Webu Sayadaw
                                       
                     Translated from the Burmese
                          by Roger Bischoff
                                       
                                       
                        BODHI LEAVES No. 122
                                       
                    BUDDHIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY
                    KANDY              SRI LANKA
                                       
                          Published in 1990
                                       
                    Buddhist Publication Society
                             P.O. Box 61
                       54, Sangharaja Mawatha
                          Kandy, Sri Lanka
                                       
                  Copyright 1990 by Roger Bischoff
                                       
Selected from //Discourses of the Venerable Webu Sayadaw//, translated 
     by Roger Bischoff. Used with permission of the translator.
                                       
                                       
                      DharmaNet Edition 1994
                                       
      This electronic edition is offered for free distribution
          via DharmaNet by arrangement with the publisher.
                                       
             Transcribed for DharmaNet by Steven McPeak
                                       
                       DharmaNet International
                P.O. Box 4951, Berkeley CA 94704-4951
                                       
                                       
                                       


                                       
                                       
                           TO LIGHT A FIRE
                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


   WEBU SAYADAW: You have taken the moral precepts, now practice 
them. Only when your practice of morality (//sila//) is perfect can 
you fulfill your aspirations for awakening. Having perfected 
yourselves in morality, you have to perform various other meritorious 
practices, and these can take you to the pinnacle and the fulfillment 
of your aspirations.
   
   The teachings of the Buddha are enshrined in the Tipitaka. These 
teachings were not given by the Buddha just to be preached and 
studied. You are good people; you have to practice the teachings with 
unwavering effort from the time you obtain them in order to escape 
from this suffering.

   Do not get confused about the teachings. We don't have to know 
many techniques, only one; but that we should know clearly. If we 
establish one technique with strong effort and get rid of all doubts 
then, without asking anyone else, we shall find the answers.
   
   Choose one technique and practice it steadfastly. If you focus 
your mind at the small spot where the air touches when you breathe in 
and out, then there will be no wanting, no aversion or delusion, and 
as these three are absent, you are immediately out of suffering.
   
   So, for a short moment Your mind is pure. Now, if your last 
mind-moment came up at this time and you died, would there be anything 
to be worried about or to be afraid of?
   
   The benefits accruing to you from this practice don't last for 
just a short moment or one life-time. This short moment of purity will 
bring benefits for the remainder of the cycle of birth and death. And 
why can you accomplish this? Because the time is right, your form of 
existence is right, and you are putting forth right effort.
   
   The disciples of the Buddha took the practice from the Teacher and 
worked with unwavering perseverance. Therefore, they achieved the 
awakening they had aspired for.
   
   How did they work? In the same way as a man who wants to light a 
fire with a fire stick, as in the olden days. They rubbed two pieces 
of wood together, and heat was produced. Eventually the wood started 
to glow, and then they could light a fire. So, if a man wants to start 
a fire in this way, and rubs two pieces of wood together, does he 
count: "One rub, two rubs, three rubs..."?
   
   DISCIPLE: No, sir, that wouldn't work very well.
   
   SAYADAW: How would he have to do it then?
   
   D: He would have to rub continuously until he got a flame.
   
   S: Yes, when they wanted to start a fire in those days, this was 
the only way to do it. They had to rub with strong determination and 
without taking breaks. Now, if one were to rub two pieces of wood 
together in this way, how long would it take for the fire to start?
   
   D: When it gets hot enough, the fire will start, sir.
   
   S: Will that take long?
   
   D: Not very long, sir.
   
   S: No, if this man works with determination, it doesn't take long. 
It is just the same with this practice here. You want fire. You know 
that if you rub these two pieces of wood together you can have it. 
Now, if you count, "One rub, two rubs..." it will become a little bit 
hot. And then you take a rest for a while. Will you start a fire?
   
   D: No, sir.
   
   S: OK, so you start again, once, twice, three times, ... and again 
heat is produced. Then you lay back again and take a bit of rest. Will 
you start a fire?
   
   D: No, sir. .
   
   S: And if you continue in this way for a whole month?
   
   D: We won't get fire.
   
   S: And if you continue for a whole year?
   
   D: It will just get warm, sir, but there will be no fire.
   
   S: Now, what if you were to work like this for one hundred years?
   
   D: It will just become warm, sir.
   
   S: In that case, there is no fire in these two pieces of wood?
   
   D: There is fire, sir, but effort and perseverance are not 
sufficient.
   
   S: It is just the same with our work. You have to work as the fire 
maker does, without taking rest. Soon it will become hot and then, 
before long, a fire will start. Only then will you be able to use the 
fire in the way you want. You should all make effort to fulfill your 
aspiration for awakening. You have received the teachings of the 
Buddha. Now you have to work so that your efforts are equal to those 
of the wise of old who attained their goal. The teachings of the 
Buddha are the only path out of suffering, and you can practice them 
only when a Buddha has arisen and as long as his teachings are 
available. When no teachings of a Buddha are available, you cannot 
fulfill your aspiration for Nibbana.
   
    When a Buddha arises in the world, right conduct (//carana//) and 
understanding (//vijja//) that lead out of suffering are expounded. If 
you use the opportunity and put them into practice, you will become 
perfect. Right conduct can also be practiced when there are no 
teachings of a Buddha, but insight or understanding is not available.
   
   What exactly does right conduct mean? Now that the teachings of a 
Buddha are available, all of you untiringly give the four requisites 
of food, robes, shelter and medicine to the monks. When you give, you 
offer the best you can afford. But still you are not satisfied yet; 
you want to do more and more. This is good conduct (//carana//).
   
   To practice the teachings of the Buddha to the point of being able 
to escape from all suffering we have to be aware of one single object 
continuously, without break or interruption. If we are thus aware, we 
are practicing understanding (//vijja//).
   
   Practicing both together and being perfect in effort, the wise of 
old attained to the awakening to which they had aspired.
   
   You may think, "Well, we make offerings to the teachings by giving 
food, clothing, shelter and medicine to the monks. To realize the 
teachings for ourselves we would have to practice insight. We shall do 
that if we have some free time after preparing our offerings." Now if 
you work like this, are you practicing right conduct or insight?
   
   D: It is right conduct, sir.
   
   S: When you have fulfilled your duties and keep your mind 
steadfastly focused on one single object, what are you practicing 
then?
   
   D: Wisdom, sir.
   
   S: So, what happened to right conduct? When you keep your 
attention focused on the spot, are you still practicing right conduct?
   
   D: Yes, sir, then we are practicing right conduct and 
understanding at the same time.
   
   S: Yes, you can practice the two jointly. First you prepare food 
and then you meditate. Thus we have to perfect ourselves in both 
practices, in right conduct and understanding. But you practice first 
only right conduct and then only understanding. Is it not possible to 
practice these emancipating teachings of the Buddha simultaneously? Is 
it not possible to be aware of in-breath and out-breath even while 
preparing food or while building a monastery?
   
   D: It's possible, sir.
   
   S: You see, this is the way the wise disciples of the Buddha used 
to practice. They had the ability to accept good advice and 
instructions. Do you think they might have thought, "Our parents, who 
are our highest possessions and to whom we owe an infinite debt of 
gratitude, are getting old. We have to spend day and night serving 
them, therefore we can't meditate?"
   
   D: Sir, some must have thought in this way.
   
   S: Is the fulfillment of one's duties towards parents comprised in 
right conduct or in understanding?
   
   D: It is right conduct, sir.
   
   S: Isn't it possible to be aware of mind and matter while you look 
after your parents?
   
   D: It's possible, sir.
   
   S: Now that you know that the wise of old practiced right conduct 
and understanding simultaneously, do you still consider it impossible 
to practice understanding while serving your children and 
grandchildren? Can't you train your mind in the awareness of mind and 
matter at the same time as you are fulfilling all your duties? 
Wherever you -are, whatever you do, you can practice right conduct and 
meditation at the same time. When your children are good, you can be 
aware of in-and-out-breath, and when they are naughty and you have to 
correct them, then too you can practice. Tell me, what is your 
correcting the children?
   
   D: It is right conduct, sir.
   
   S: So, if you practice awareness while you scold them, what are 
you practicing?
   
   D: Understanding, sir.
   
   S: If we practice awareness while we do what we have to do, will 
we suffer? Does it cost us anything? Does it disturb our work?
   
   D: No, sir, if one works with awareness the work is completed more 
quickly.
   
   S: If you don't allow yourselves to be distracted, you will work 
faster and you will earn more money. Your aspiration to Nibbana too 
will be fulfilled more quickly. All the beings who practice in this 
way can fulfill their aspirations. There is not a single second in 
which it isn't possible to fulfill your aspiration. How about those 
human beings, Devas and Brahmins who don't practice the teachings of 
Buddha, though the time is good? Do they attain the fulfillment of 
their aspirations?
   
   D: Those who don't make effort can't fulfill their aspirations, 
sir.
   
   S: Why? Is it because they aren't reborn in the right plane of 
existence or because it isn't the right time?
   
   D: No, sir, but without effort nothing can be accomplished.
   
   S: Maybe they don't have sufficient parami (spiritual 
perfections)?
   
   D: Maybe some can't grasp the teachings because they haven't 
completed their perfections sufficiently in the past, sir.
   
   S: But if you don't put forth effort, can you still claim that you 
don't understand because of missing parami?
   
   D: Those who have accumulated perfections in the past attain the 
stages of Nibbana when they listen to the teachings. But we, sir, 
because we have no perfections, we listen to the Dhamma again and 
again and we remain just the same.
   
   S: The wise of old were just like thirsty people. They were 
thirsty, so they looked for water. And when they found it, what did 
they do? Did they look up at the sky and say, "Well, we don't want to 
drink this water yet"? No, they were people who were really thirsty. 
What about you? You have Buddha's teachings; do you drink them right 
away?
   
   D: Sir, we linger and wait.
   
   S: In that case it isn't true that you don't have any parami. If 
you don't drink, your thirst will not be quenched. What will you do if 
you find yourselves sitting right next to the water pot?
   
   D: Because we don't have a sufficient amount of parami, we just 
sit there, sir.
   
   S: What will you do if you walk into a lake full of water?
   
   D: When we walk down into the water we stretch out our neck and 
turn our face up towards the sky, sir. And if we should dive, sir, we 
shall keep our mouth firmly shut.
   
   S: Now, are you still telling me that you are thirsty, but that 
you don't have the necessary understanding to be able to drink?
   
   D: Sir, because we don't have the necessary conditioning, we don't 
open our mouth in the water.
   
   S: If you really wanted to drink, would you still keep your mouth 
shut?
   
   D: If one really wanted to drink, one wouldn't, of course.
   
   S: So you are saying, "Though I do want to drink, I do not want to 
drink"! Aren't you contradicting yourselves?
   
   D: It is as if we pretended not to want to drink, sir.
   
   S: Tell me then, if you are thirsty and just bear it, are you 
happy or unhappy?
   
   D: Unhappy, sir.
   
   S: So, if you are unhappy, will you keep sitting near the water 
pot without drinking?
   
   D: Sir, we see this kind of suffering as happiness.
   
   S: Did the Buddha teach that this thirst is happiness?
   
   D: No, sir, he said it was suffering.
   
   S: Now, tell me, what do you think is true:  What the Buddha said 
or what you think?
   
   D: Our view, that this is happiness, is wrong, sir.
   
   S: Do you want to be happy or unhappy?
   
   D:  Though we would like to be happy, we continue to create 
unhappiness for ourselves.
   
   S: What is better: to listen to the Buddha or not to listen to the 
Buddha?
   
   D: Sir, we know that we should follow the word of the Buddha, but 
still we continue to create suffering for ourselves.
   
   S: In that case it seems as if you knew your own good, but that 
you are simply lazy.
   
   D: Because our parami are weak, we have to suffer under our own 
ignorance, sir.
   
   S: Now, if there is water and you don't quench your thirst with 
it, is that because you have not perfected your parami?
   
   D: Because of the lack of perfections the power of ignorance is so 
overwhelming, sir.
   
   S: Tell me, what is more powerful, understanding (//vijja//) or 
ignorance (//avijja//)
   
   D: Sir, understanding is more powerful for human beings.
   
   S: Then you know that the understanding the Buddha taught is powerful.
   
   D: Sir, we know that understanding is a good thing.
   
   S: So, just associate yourselves with understanding. Whether you 
think that the power of ignorance is strong or whatever.... You have 
learned now to distinguish between mind and matter. While you are 
aware of mind and matter in the way the Buddha taught, is there still 
ignorance prevailing?
   
   D: While we are aware, sir, there is no ignorance.
   
   S: Now, let us concentrate at the spot below the nose above the 
upper lip with the awareness of mind and matter (//nama-rupa//), just 
as the Buddha taught. When we anchor our attention thus, can ignorance 
stay? If you look out for it, will you be able to find it?
   
   D: It will be completely gone, sir.
   
   S: Are you still aware where it has gone?
   
   D: Sir, it has disappeared completely.
   
   S: In that case, is the power of understanding greater or that of 
ignorance?
   
   D: The power of ignorance is great, sir.
   
   S: Oh dear, how is it great? The poor thing just ran as fast as it 
could; you couldn't even see it anymore.
   
   D: But it comes back again and again, sir.
   
   S: This is so because you allow it back in. If you allow only 
understanding and knowledge in, ignorance can't come back. But if you 
allow it back, then slowly your understanding will break up and 
ignorance takes over once more. It is as with the electric lights in 
here. What do you need to switch on the lights?
   
   D: Switches, sir.
   
   S: What happens inside the switches that we get light?
   
   D: Electricity flows through them, sir.
   
   S: What happens if the flow is interrupted?
   
   D: It will become dark, sir.
   
   S: What do you have to do to turn the darkness into light?
   
   D: We have to feed electricity to the bulbs, sir.
   
   S: And where does the darkness go when the lights are lit?
   
   D: It disappears, sir.
   
   S: Is any of the darkness left behind?
   
   D: No, sir.
   
   S: When understanding shines, is there any ignorance left?
   
   D: No, sir.
   
   S: In that case, is the power of ignorance great?
   
   D: No, sir, it isn't.
   
   S: Is it difficult to do what we did just now?
   
   D: Not very difficult, sir.
   
   S: Don't we see the reality when light suddenly comes?
   
   D: We do, sir.
   
   S: Will you still be able to go wrong?
   
   D: No, sir.
   
   S: It is so easy! What did the wise disciples of the Buddha 
connect? If you want to switch on the light, you have to switch on the 
wires so that electricity flows. So, gently keep your attention at the 
spot; it will connect. Do you understand?
   
   D: We would like to give this up, sir.
   
   S: Just concentrate your attention there. Gently. Do you become 
tired if you focus your mind in this way?
   
   D: No, sir.
   
   S: Does it cost you anything?
   
   D: No, sir.
   
   S: Do you have to stop your work?
   
   D: No, sir.
   
   S: Isn't this wonderful? You can practice in all the four 
postures: sitting, standing, walking and lying down. Can you keep your 
attention at the spot with the awareness of the in- and-out-breath 
even while you are eating, drinking and working?
   
   D: Please, sir, teach us how to be aware of the breath while we 
are moving about and working.
   
   S: You know about many different techniques, but you don't have to 
practice them all. Choose one and work with it. If you keep your mind 
steadfastly focused on one object, you will immediately be aware of 
what you have not been aware of before, just as you see light as soon 
as you turn on the switch. Can there still be wrong view and delusion 
in your mind while you are thus aware?
   
   D: No, sir, but as we don't know where the light switches are, we 
have to remain sitting in the dark.
   
   S: Oh dear, you've got so many switches! Whichever you turn, the 
light will come.
   
   D: Sir, because there are so many switches, I don't know which one 
to turn.
   
   S: Any one will do; the results will be immediate.
   
   D: When I press that switch, sir, the light bulb immediately burns 
up. That's why I thought it was the wrong switch.
   
   S: It doesn't burn up; it will light the bulb. Even if it shots 
out one day, when you try again, it will certainly burn.
   
   D: But I don't know where to press the switch, sir.
   
   S: You know the switches; you have been taught so many techniques 
by the monks who have compassion for you. Now, do not try them all. 
Select one only.
   
   D: Sir, please teach us this one technique!
   
   S: Every technique the Buddha taught will work as a switch to turn 
on the light.
   
   D: We would like to learn a technique by which we can perfect our 
conduct and train ourselves in understanding while we work, walk or 
sit, sir.
   
   S: Well then, tell me, do not all of you, big and small, breathe?
   
   D: Yes, sir, we do.
   
   S: So, there is no one here who doesn't know how to breathe.  Can 
you say sometimes, "Sorry, I am very busy now. I don't have time to 
breathe"?
   
   D: No, sir.
   
   S: So then, it is very easy for you to breathe, isn't it? Now just 
try to find out where the air comes out when you breathe out.
   
   D: It comes out of the nose, sir.
   
   S: Is there any other place where it comes out?
   
   D: No, sir, there is only one place.
   
   S: Yes, there is only one place. So, don't come and tell me that 
there are so many switches and that you don't know which one to press. 
You are all breathing, aren't you? Where does this air touch when you 
breathe out?
   
   D: It touches at a point at the base of the nose, sir.
   
   S: What happens when the air enters? Where does it touch?
   
   D: It touches there again, at the same spot, sir.
   
   S: So, this is quite obvious to you: The air brushes over a small 
spot at the base of the nose as you breathe in and out. You are aware 
of this, aren't you?
   
   D: Yes, sir.
   
   S: Don't allow the mind to wander away to other objects. Can you 
feel the spot where the air touches just as if you were touching it 
with your finger? Put your attention there and keep it there. Don't 
follow the breath outside the nostrils. Keep your attention quietly 
and calmly at the spot, and you will be able to know how the air goes 
in and out. The flow of air is continuous, isn't it?
   
   D: Yes, sir, it is.
   
   S: You can be aware of it without the slightest interruption. If 
you keep your attention there, there is only the awareness of mental 
properties and physical properties (//nama-rupa//). Now under which of 
the two come the nostrils, under mind or under matter?
   
   D: Sir, as far as I know, the nostrils are matter (//rupa//).
   
   S: What is the entity that knows the touch sensation?
   
   D: Sir, that which knows is mind (//nama//).
   
   S: So you are aware of mind and matter at the same time. If you 
are aware of mind and matter, are there still some other entities of 
which you aren't aware?
   
   D: No, sir, there is nothing apart from mind and matter.
   
   S: Is being aware of mind and matter ignorance or knowledge?
   
   D: It is knowledge, sir.
   
   S: If one has no awareness of mind and matter, what do we call 
that?
   
   D:  That we call ignorance, sir.
   
   S: Can ignorance still influence us while we are training 
ourselves in understanding.
   
   D: No, sir, it can't.
   
   S: Is there still cause for worry and fear about the present and 
the future?
   
   D: No, sir, there isn't.
   
   S: Even if you are aware for just one short moment,. you benefit. 
How much will you receive if you can keep up this awareness for a 
longer period.
   
   D: The benefits must be many, sir.
   
   S: Will there still be doubt in your mind about your own ability 
to attain the awakening to which you have aspired?
   
   D: No, sir.
   
   S: You can reach your goal even quicker than you thought. Of 
course you still have to fulfill your duties towards your teachers. 
parents and children. You have to support the teachings of the Buddha. 
You have to make a living. If you don't fulfill all these duties, is 
your morality perfect?
   
   D: It isn't, sir.
   
   S: If your moral conduct isn't perfect, can you attain your goal?
   
   D: No, sir, it is impossible.
   
   S: Tell me, when or where is it not possible to practice right 
conduct and meditation simultaneously?
   
   D:  It is never too difficult, sir, even if one is ill.
   
   S: If your insight develops through your practice, do you still 
need to tell others that you have become happy through the Buddha 
Dhamma?
   
   D: It isn't necessary to tell others, sir.
   
   S:  And if you don't talk about it, does it mean that you don't 
know about your own happiness?
   
   D:  Even if we don't tell everyone, we still know for ourselves, 
sir.
   
   S:  In just the same way noble people know. You know for 
yourselves how much you have got now, and when you reach the goal, 
then you will know. If you write on a piece of paper that salt is 
salty and someone reads this, he knows that salt is salty, doesn't he.
   
   D: Of course, sir.
   
   S: And if you just tell someone that salt is salty, will he know?
   
   D: Why, certainly, sir.
   
   S: But tell me, will salt become salty just by your writing so or 
saying so?
   
   D: No, sir, of course not.
   
   S: If you read that salt is salty, do you actually know that this 
is so?
   
   D: Though one understands that it is salty, one doesn't actually 
know how salt tastes. Only if we put some salt on our tongue and taste 
it, shall we actually know what "salty" means.
   
   S: If you have tasted it and know it is salty, do you still have 
to read about it? Do you still have to make declarations about its 
taste?
   
   D: No, sir.
   
   S: If we tell our neighbor about its taste, will he know then?
   
   D: He will just have heard about it, sir.
   
   S: What do we have to do to make him know?
   
   D: We have to give him some salt and make him taste. Otherwise, 
what he knows is just hearsay, sir.
   
   S: Do you know for sure, that right conduct and insight and wisdom 
constitute the path to the release from suffering?
   
   D: Yes, sir, we know.
   
   S: If you read that salt is salty and consider this knowledge to 
be quite sufficient, then that is where you stop. But if you want to 
make sure, you have to taste for yourselves. Is it sufficient to read 
that salt is salty and then have this confirmed by me?
   
   D: Sir, you wouldn't lie. If you tell me it is salty, that is 
quite sufficient for me.
   
   S: Now you are going back on what you said earlier on. You know 
salt is salty from hearing and reading about it, but only if you 
really know for yourselves will you become happy. If you tell somebody 
that salt is salty and he blindly accepts what you say, then he won't 
even feel the desire to taste for himself.
   
   After all, he thinks he knows. With this notion in mind, he won't 
see the need to taste it. It is not easy to know for oneself that salt 
is salty. Salt does exist. Take it, taste it. Then you will know for 
yourselves and there will be no need to ask others.
   
   D: Sir, yesterday I did taste a little bit of salt.
   
   S: Really? Why only a little? Did the salt run out?
   
   D: No, sir, there is plenty of it.
   
   S: Then take it! Don't just taste a little bit. Use as much as you 
need. Every single one of you has got some salt, haven't you?
   
   D: Yes, sir. We haven't eaten our full yet, sir, but we are 
satisfied with tasting just a little.
   
   S: But, of course, you are not thinking of leaving it at that, are 
you?
   
   D: Well, sir, not actually, but as time goes by everything 
changes.  We planned something last year and already a year has 
passed....
   
   S: Now, this time, don't only think. How many "thinkers" were 
there at the time of the Buddha?
   
   D: They were as numerous as grains of sand on the beach, sir.
   
   S: You still have to make efforts and meditate. You still have to 
strive to understand the teachings of the Buddha. You are planning to 
do that, aren't you? Will you only think about putting forth effort in 
this life also?
   
   D: If we only think about it, sir, we shall again be left behind 
in the cycle of birth and death.
   
   S: Now, then, there is no problem. "In the past we missed out 
because we were only thinking about making effort, but now we know 
that there is fire in the two pieces of wood. We shall rub them 
together." Thinking in this way, there will be effort and also the 
desire to fight the battle.... Have you got hold of the two pieces of 
wood? If I continue talking, you will think, "This monk is talking for 
a long time." I shall stop now. Only if you work can you make an end 
of it. If you have the desire to work, meditate, work hard, applying 
yourselves with the same effort and determination as did the Noble 
Ones of old.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
                         ABOUT WEBU SAYADAW
   
   The Webu Sayadaw was born on the 17th of February 1896 in 
Ingyinbin, a small village near Shewbo in upper Burma. He was ordained 
as a novice at the age of nine and was given the name Shin Kumara. At 
the age of twenty he was ordained as a full member of the Sangha, now 
being addressed as U Kumara. ("Webu Sayadaw" is a title meaning "the 
holy teacher from Webu," given to him after he became an established 
teacher.)
   
   U Kumara went to Mandalay to study at the famous Masoyein 
Monastery, the leading monastic university of the time. In his seventh 
year after full ordination he abandoned the study of the Pali 
scriptures and left the monastery to put into practice what he had 
learned about meditation.
   
   After leaving the monastery, U Kumara spent four years in 
solitude. Then he went to his native village Ingyinbin for a brief 
visit. He taught his former teacher at the village monastery on 
request the technique of meditation he had adopted. He said: "This is 
the shortcut to Nibbana. Anyone can use it. It stands up to 
investigation and is in accordance with the teachings of the Buddha as 
observed in the scriptures. It is the straight path to Nibbana.
   
   The Webu Sayadaw emphasized the practice of meditation as the only 
way to bring the teachings of the Buddha to fulfillment. The study of 
the scriptures, though helpful, is not essential for the realization 
of Nibbana. The technique of meditation taught by the Webu Sayadaw is 
//anapana sati//, "mindfulness of breathing," which requires one to be 
aware of breathing in while breathing in, of breathing out while 
breathing out, and of the spot or area which the stream of air touches 
while the breath is entering and leaving the nostrils. Though 
//anapana sati// is basically a way of developing //samadhi//, 
one-pointed concentration of mind, the Webu Sayadaw said that when 
concentration is developed to a sufficient degree, the mediator can 
gain insight into the three characteristics of nature -- impermanence, 
unsatisfactoriness and non-self. The direct understanding of these 
three characteristics is called //panna//, wisdom, which is the most 
essential quality required of a mediator to reach Nibbana.
   
   The Webu Sayadaw was not a scholar and his discourses do not cater 
to the intellectual who prefers the study of Buddhist philosophy to 
the practice. His refreshing simplicity, his patience, his lovely 
sense of humor, and his humility, all revealed in his dialogue with 
his audience, illumine a side of Buddhism which cannot be perceived by 
reading treatises and texts. The statements of the people in the 
audience offer us a glimpse of how Buddhism is practiced in Burma 
today.
   
   The Webu Sayadaw undertook pilgrimages to the Buddhist sites of 
India and Sri Lanka. He passed away on the 26th of June 1977 in the 
meditation center at his native village Ingyinbin. He was believed by 
many to have been an Arahat, a person who has in practice fully 
understood the Four Noble Truths and attained the end of suffering.
   
                                         
                           Roger Bischoff
   
   
   
   
   
   
                THE BUDDHIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY

   The BPS is an approved charity dedicated to making known the 
Teaching of the Buddha, which has a vital message for people of all 
creeds. Founded in 1958, the BPS has published a wide variety of books 
and booklets covering a great range of topics. Its publications 
include accurate annotated translations of the Buddha's discourses, 
standard reference works, as well as original contemporary expositions 
of Buddhist thought and practice. These works present Buddhism as it 
truly is -- a dynamic force which has influenced receptive minds for 
the past 2500 years and is still as relevant today as it was when it 
first arose. A full list of our publications will be sent upon request 
with an enclosure of U.S. $1.00 or its equivalent to cover air mail 
postage. Write to:

    The Hony. Secretary
    BUDDHIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY
    P.O. Box 61
    54, Sangharaja Mawatha
    Kandy           Sri Lanka
    
    or
    
    The Barre Center for Buddhist Studies
    Lockwood Road
    Barre, MA 01005
    Tel: (508) 355-2347

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