


                           FREEDOM FROM WAR

                       THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
                 FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
                          IN A PEACEFUL WORLD


                          DEPARTMENT OF STATE








                 DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 7277
                         Disarmament Series 5
                        Released September 1961

                       Office of Public Services
                       BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS



     For sale by the Superintendent ot Documents, U.S. Government
         Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15 cents



    INTRODUCTION

        The revolutionary development of modern weapons within a world
        divided by serious ideological differences has produced a
        crisis in human history. In order to overcome the danger of
        nuclear war now confronting mankind, the United States has
        introduced, at the Sixteenth General Assembly of the United
        Nations, a Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a
        Peaceful World.

        This new program provides for the progressive reduction of the
        war-making capabilities of nations and the simultaneous
        strengthening of international institutions to settle disputes
        and maintain the peace. It sets forth a series of comprehensive
        measures which can and should be taken in order to bring about
        a world in which there will be freedom from war and security
        for all states. It is based on three principles deemed
        essential to the achievement of practical progress in the
        disarmament field:

    First, there must be immediate disarmament action:

        A strenuous and uninterrupted effort must be made toward the
        goal of general and complete disarmament; at the same time, it
        is important that specific measures be put into effect as soon
        as possible.

    Second, all disarmament obligations must be subject to
    effective international controls:

        The control organization must have the manpower, facilities,
        and effectiveness to assure that limitations or reductions take
        place as agreed. It must also be able to certify to all states
        that retained forces and armaments do not exceed those
        permitted at any stage of the disarmament process.

    Third, adequate peace-keeping machinery must be established:

        There is an inseparable relationship between the scaling down
        of national armaments on the one hand and the building up of
        international peace-keeping machinery and institutions on the
        other. Nations are unlikely to shed their means of
        self-protection in the absence of alternative ways to safeguard
        their legitimate interests. This can only be achieved through
        the progressive strengthening of international institutions
        under the United Nations and by creating a United Nations Peace
        Force to enforce the peace as the disarmament process proceeds.

                               ---===---

        There follows a summary of the principal provisions of the
        United States Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a
        Peaceful World. The full text of the program is contained in an
        appendix to this pamphlet.






                           FREEDOM FROM WAR

                       THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
                 FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
                          IN A PEACEFUL WORLD



    SUMMARY

    DISARMAMENT GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

    The overall goal of the United States is a free, secure, and
    peaceful world of independent states adhering to common standards
    of justice and international conduct and subjecting the use of
    force to the rule of law; a world which has achieved general and
    complete disarmament under effective international control; and a
    world in which adjustment to change takes place in accordance with
    the principles of the United Nations.

    In order to make possible the achievement of that goal, the program
    sets forth the following specific objectives toward which nations
    should direct their efforts:

      * The disbanding of all national armed forces and the prohibition
        of their reestablishment in any form whatsoever other than
        those required to preserve internal order and for contributions
        to a United Nations Peace Force;

      * The elimination from national arsenals of all armaments,
        including all weapons of mass destruction and the means for
        their delivery, other than those required for a United Nations
        Peace Force and for maintaining internal order;

      * The institution of effective means for the enforcement of
        international agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and
        for the maintenance of peace in accordance with the principles
        of the United Nations;

      * The establishment and effective operation of an International
        Disarmament Organization within the framework of the United
        Nations to insure compliance at all times with all disarmament
        obligations.


    TASKS OF NEGOTIATING STATES

    The negotiating states are called upon to develop the program into
    a detailed plan for general and complete disarmament and to
    continue their efforts without interruption until the whole program
    has been achieved. To this end, they are to seek the widest
    possible area of agreement at the earliest possible date. At the
    same time, and without prejudice to progress on the disarmament
    program, they are to seek agreement on those immediate measures
    that would contribute to the common security of nations and that
    could facilitate and form part of the total program.


    GOVERNING PRINCIPLES

    The program sets forth a series of general principles to guide the
    negotiating states in their work. These make clear that:

      * As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations must be
        progressively strengthened in order to improve its capacity to
        assure international security and the peaceful settlement of
        disputes;

      * Disarmament must proceed as rapidly as possible, until it is
        completed, in stages containing balanced, phased, and
        safeguarded measures;

      * Each measure and stage should be carried out in an agreed
        period of time, with transition from one stage to the next to
        take place as soon as all measures in the preceding stage have
        been carried out and verified and as soon as necessary
        arrangements for verification of the next stage have been made;

      * Inspection and verification must establish both that nations
        carry out scheduled limitations or reductions and that they do
        not retain armed forces and armaments in excess of those
        permitted at any stage of the disarmament process; and

      * Disarmament must take place in a manner that will not affect
        adversely the security of any state.


    DISARMAMENT STAGES

    The program provides for progressive disarmament steps to take
    place in three stages and for the simultaneous strengthening of
    international institutions.


                              FIRST STAGE

    The first stage containS measures which would significantly reduce
    the capabilities of nations to wage aggressive war.  Implementation
    of this stage would mean that:

      * The nuclear threat would be reduced:

            All states would have adhered to a treaty effectively
            prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons.

            The production of fissionable materials for use in weapons
            would be stopped and quantities of such materials from past
            production would be converted to non-weapons uses.

            States owning nuclear weapons would not relinquish control
            of such weapons to any nation not owning them and would not
            transmit to any such nation information or material
            necessary for their manufacture.

            States not owning nuclear weapons would not manufacture
            them or attempt to obtain control of such weapons belonging
            to other states.

            A Commission of Experts would be established to report on
            the feasibility and means for the verified reduction and
            eventual elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles.

      * Strategic delivery vehicles would be reduced:

            Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles of specified
            categories and weapons designed to counter such vehicles
            would be reduced to agreed levels by equitable and balanced
            steps; their production would be discontinued or limited;
            their testing would be limited or halted.

      * Arms and armed forces would be reduced:

            The armed forces of the United States and the Soviet Union
            would be limited to 2.I million men each (with appropriate
            levels not exceeding that amount for other militarily
            significant states); levels of armaments would be
            correspondingly reduced and their production would be
            limited.

            An Experts Commission would be established to examine and
            report on the feasibility and means of accomplishing
            verifiable reduction and eventual elimination of all
            chemical, biological and radiological weapons.

      * Peaceful use of outer space would be promoted:

            The placing in orbit or stationing in outer space of
            weapons capable of producing mass destruction would be
            prohibited.

            States would give advance notification of space vehicle and
            missile launchings.

      * U.N. peace-keeping powers would be strengthened:

            Measures would be taken to develop and strengthen United
            Nations arrangementS for arbitration, for the development
            of international law, and for the establishment in Stage II
            of a permanent U.N.  Peace Force.

      * An International Disarmament Organization would be established
        for effective verification of the disarmament program:

            Its functions would be expanded progressively as
            disarmament proceeds.

            It would certify to all states that agreed reductions have
            taken place and that retained forces and armaments do not
            exceed permitted levels.

            It would determine the transition from one stage to the
            next.

      * States would be committed to other measures to reduce
        international tension and to protect against the chance of war
        by accident, miscalculation, or surprise attack:

            States would be committed to refrain from the threat or use
            of any type of armed force contrary to the principles of
            the U.N. Charter and to refrain from indirect aggression
            and subversion against any country.

            A U.N. peace observation group would be available to
            investigate any situation which might constitute a threat
            to or breach of the peace.

            States would be committed to give advance notice of major
            military movements which might cause alarm; observation
            posts would be established to report on concentrations and
            movements of military forces.


                             SECOND STAGE

    The second stage contains a series of measures which would bring
    within sight a world in which there would be freedom from war.
    Implementation of all measures in the second stage would mean:

      * Further substantial reductions in the armed forces, armaments,
        and military establishments of states, including strategic
        nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and countering weapons;

      * Further development of methods for the peaceful settlement of
        disputes under the United Nations;

      * Establishment of a permanent international peace force within
        the United Nations;

      * Depending on the findings of an Experts Commission, a halt in
        the production of chemical, bacteriological and radiological
        weapons and a reduction of existing stocks or their conversion
        to peaceful uses;

      * On the basis of the findings of an Experts Commission, a
        reduction of stocks of nuclear weapons;

      * The dismantling or the conversion to peaceful uses of certain
        military bases and facilities wherever located; and

      * The strengthening and enlargement of the International
        Disarmament Organization to enable it to verify the steps taken
        in Stage II and to determine the transition to Stage III.


                              THIRD STAGE

    During the third stage of the program, the states of the world,
    building on the experience and confidence gained in successfully
    implementing the measures of the first two stages, would take final
    steps toward the goal of a world in which:

      * States would retain only those forces, non-nuclear armaments,
        and establishments required for the purpose of maintaining
        internal order; they would also support and provide agreed
        manpower for a U.N. Peace Force.

      * The U.N. Peace Force, equipped with agreed types and quantities
        of armaments, would be fully functioning.

      * The manufacture of armaments would be prohibited except for
        those of agreed types and quantities to be used by the U.N.
        Peace Force and those required to maintain internal order. All
        other armaments would be destroyed or converted to peaceful
        purposes.

      * The peace-keeping capabilities of the United Nations would be
        sufficiently strong and the obligations of all states under
        such arrangements sufficiently far-reaching as to assure peace
        and the just settlement of differences in a disarmed world.


                               APPENDIX


                      DECLARATION ON DISARMAMENT

                       THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
                 FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
                          IN A PEACEFUL WORLD



    The Nations of the world,

    Conscious of the crisis in human history produced by the
    revolutionary development of modern weapons within a world divided
    by serious ideological differences;

    Determined to save present and succeeding generations from the
    scourge of war and the dangers and burdens of the arms race and to
    create conditions in which all peoples can strive freely and
    peacefully to fulfill their basic aspirations;

    Declare their goal to be: A free, secure, and peaceful world of
    independent states adhering to common standards of justice and
    international conduct and subjecting the use of force to the rule
    of law; a world where adjustment to change takes place in
    accordance with the principles of the United Nations; a world where
    there shall be a permanent state of general and complete
    disarmament under effective international control and where the
    resources of nations shall be devoted to man's material, cultural,
    and spiritual advance;

    Set forth as the objectives of a program of general and complete
    disarmament in a peaceful world:

        (a) The disbanding of all national armed forces and the
        prohibition of their reestablishment in any form whatsoever
        other than those required to preserve internal order and for
        contributions to a United Nations Peace Force;

        (b) The elimination from national arsenals of all armaments,
        including all weapons of mass destruction and the means for
        their delivery, other than those required for a United Nations
        Peace Force and for maintaining internal order;

        (c) The establishment and effective operation of an
        International Disarmament Organization within the framework of
        the United Nations to ensure compliance at all times with all
        disarmament obligations;

        (d) The institution of effective means for the enforcement of
        international agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and
        for the maintenance of peace in accordance with the principles
        of the United Nations.

    Call on the negotiating states:

        (a) To develop the outline program set forth below into an
        agreed plan for general and complete disarmament and to
        continue their efforts without interruption until the whole
        program has been achieved;

        (b) To this end to seek to attain the widest possible area of
        agreement at the earliest possible date;

        (c) Also to seek - without prejudice to progress on the
        disarmament program - agreement on those immediate measures
        that would contribute to the common security of nations and
        that could facilitate and form a part of that program.

    Affirm that disarmament negotiations should be guided by the
    following principles:

        (a) Disarmament shall take place as rapidly as possible until
        it is completed in stages containing balanced, phased and
        safeguarded measures, with each measure and stage to be carried
        out in an agreed period of time.

        (b) Compliance with all disarmament obligations shall be
        effectively verified from their entry into force. Verification
        arrangements shall be instituted progressively and in such a
        manner as to verify not only that agreed limitations or
        reductions take place but also that retained armed forces and
        armaments do not exceed agreed levels at any stage.

        (c) Disarmament shall take place in a manner that will not
        affect adversely the security of any state, whether or not a
        party to an international agreement or treaty.

        (d) As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations shall
        be progressively strengthened in order to improve its capacity
        to assure international security and the peaceful settlement of
        differences as well as to facilitate the development of
        international cooperation in common tasks for the benefit of
        mankind.

        (e) Transition from one stage of disarmament to the next shall
        take place as soon as all the measures in the preceding stage
        have been carried out and effective verification is continuing
        and as soon as the arrangements that have been agreed to be
        necessary for the next stage have been instituted.

    Agree upon the following outline program for achieving general and
    complete disarmament:


                                STAGE I

    A. To Establish an International Disarmament Organization:

        (a) An International Disarmament Organization (IDO) shall be
        established within the framework of the United Nations upon
        entry into force of the agreement. Its functions shall be
        expanded progressively as required for the effective
        verification of the disarmament program.

        (b) The IDO shall have: (1) a General Conference of all the
        parties; (2) a Commission consisting of representatives of all
        the major powers as permanent members and certain other states
        on a rotating basis; and (3) an Administrator who will
        administer the Organization subject to the direction of the
        Commission and who will have the authority, staff, and finances
        adequate to assure effective impartial implementation of the
        functions of the Organization.

        (c) The IDO shall: (1) ensure compliance with the obligations
        undertaken by verifying the execution of measures agreed upon;
        (2) assist the states in developing the details of agreed
        further verification and disarmament measures; (3) provide for
        the establishment of such bodies as may be necessary for
        working out the details of further measures provided for in the
        program and for such other expert study groups as may be
        required to give continuous study to the problems of
        disarmament; (4) receive reports on the progress of disarmament
        and verification arrangements and determine the transition from
        one stage to the next.

    B. To Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments:

        (a) Force levels shall be limited to 2.I million each for the
        U.S.  and U.S.S.R. and to appropriate levels not exceeding 2.1
        million each for all other militarily significant states.
        Reductions to the agreed levels will proceed by equitable,
        proportionate, and verified steps.

        (b) Levels of armaments of prescribed types shall be reduced by
        equitable and balanced steps. The reductions shall be
        accomplished by transfers of armaments to depots supervised by
        the IDO. When, at specified periods during the Stage I
        reduction process, the states party to the agreement have
        agreed that the armaments and armed forces are at prescribed
        levels, the armaments in depots shall be destroyed or converted
        to peaceful uses.

        (c) The production of agreed types of armaments shall be
        limited.

        (d) A Chemical, Biological, Radiological (CBR) Experts
        Commission shall be established within the IDO for the purpose
        of examining and reporting on the feasibility and means for
        accomplishing the verifiable reduction and eventual elimination
        of CBR weapons stockpiles and the halting of their production.

    C. To Contain and Reduce the Nuclear Threat:

        (a) States that have not acceded to a treaty effectively
        prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons shall do so.

        (b) The production of fissionable materials for use in weapons
        shall be stopped.

        (c) Upon the cessation of production of fissionable materials
        for use in weapons, agreed initial quantities of fissionable
        materials from past production shall be transferred to
        non-weapons purposes.

        (d) Any fissionable materials transferred between countries for
        peaceful uses of nuclear energy shall be subject to appropriate
        safeguards to be developed in agreement with the IAEA.

        (e) States owning nuclear weapons shall not relinquish control
        of such weapons to any nation not owning them and shall not
        transmit to any such nation information or material necessary
        for their manufacture. States not owning nuclear weapons shall
        not manufacture such weapons, attempt to obtain control of such
        weapons belonging to other states, or seek or receive
        information or materials necessary for their manufacture.

        (f) A Nuclear Experts Commission consisting of representatives
        of the nuclear states shall be established within the IDO for
        the purpose of examining and reporting on the feasibility and
        means for accomplishing the verified reduction and eventual
        elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles.

    D. To Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:

        (a) Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles in specified
        categories and agreed types of weapons designed to counter such
        vehicles shall be reduced to agreed levels by equitable and
        balanced steps. The reduction shall be accomplished in each
        step by transfers to depots supervised by the IDO of vehicles
        that are in excess of levels agreed upon for each step. At
        specified periods during the Stage I reduction process, the
        vehicles that have been placed under supervision of the IDO
        shall be destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.

        (b) Production of agreed categories of strategic nuclear
        weapons delivery vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed
        to counter such vehicles shall be discontinued or limited.

        (c) Testing of agreed categories of strategic nuclear weapons
        delivery vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed to
        counter such vehicles shall be limited or halted.

    E. To Promote the Peaceful Use of Outer Space:

        (a) The placing into orbit or stationing in outer space of
        weapons capable c,f producing mass destruction shall be
        prohibited.

        (b) States shall give advance notification to participating
        states and to the IDO of launchings of space vehicles and
        missiles, together with the track of the vehicle.

    F. To Reduce the Risks of War by Accident, Miscalculation, and
        Surprise Attack:

        (a) States shall give advance notification to the participating
        states and to the IDO of major military movements and
        maneuvers, on a scale as may be agreed, which might give rise
        to misinterpretation or cause alarm and induce countermeasures.
        The notification shall include the geographic areas to be used
        and the nature, scale and time span of the event.

        (b) There shall be established observation posts at such
        locations as major ports, railway centers, motor highways, and
        air bases to report on concentrations and movements of military
        forces.

        (c) There shall also be established such additional inspection
        arrangements to reduce the danger of surprise attack as may be
        agreed.

        (d) An international commission shall be established
        immediately within the IDO to examine and make recommendations
        on the possibility of further measures to reduce the risks of
        nuclear war by accident, miscalculation, or failure of
        communication.

    G. To Keep the Peace:

        (a) States shall reaffirm their obligations under the U.N.
        Charter to refrain from the threat or use of any type of armed
        force including nuclear, conventional, or CBR - contrary to the
        principles of the U.N. Charter.

        (b) States shall agree to refrain from indirect aggression and
        subversion against any country.

        (c) States shall use all appropriate processes for the peaceful
        settlement of disputes and shall seek within the United Nations
        further arrangements for the peaceful settlement of
        international disputes and for the codification and progressive
        development of international law.

        (d) States shall develop arrangements in Stage I for the
        establishment in Stage II of a U.N. Peace Force.

        (e) A U.N. peace observation group shall be staffed with a
        standing cadre of observers who could be dispatched to
        investigate any situation which might constitute a threat to or
        breach of the peace


                               STAGE II

    A. International Disarmament Organization:

        The powers and responsibilities of the IDO shall be
        progressively enlarged in order to give it the capabilities to
        verify the measures undertaken in Stage II.

    B. To Further Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments:

        (a) Levels of forces for the U.S., U.S.S.R., and other
        militarily significant states shall be further reduced by
        substantial amounts to agreed levels in equitable and balanced
        steps.

        (b) Levels of armaments of prescribed types shall be further
        reduced by equitable and balanced steps. The reduction shall be
        accomplished by transfers of armaments to depots supervised by
        the IDO. When, at specified periods during the Stage II
        reduction process, the parties have agreed that the armaments
        and armed forces are at prescribed levels, the armaments in
        depots shall be destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.

        (c) There shall be further agreed restrictions on the
        production of armaments.

        (d) Agreed military bases and facilities wherever they are
        located shall be dismantled or converted to peaceful uses.

        (e) Depending upon the findings of the Experts Commission on
        CBR weapons, the production of CBR weapons shall be halted,
        existing stocks progressively reduced, and the resulting excess
        quantities destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.

    C. To Further Reduce the Nuclear Threat:

        Stocks of nuclear weapons shall be progressively reduced to the
        minimum levels which can be agreed upon as a result of the
        findings of the Nuclear Experts Commission; the resulting
        excess of fissionable material shall be transferred to peaceful
        purposes.

    D. To Further Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:

        Further reductions in the stocks of strategic nuclear weapons
        delivery vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed to
        counter such vehicles shall be carried out in accordance with
        the procedure outlined in Stage I.

    E. To Keep the Peace:

        During Stage II, states shall develop further the peace-keeping
        processes of the United Nations, to the end that the United
        Nations can effectively in Stage III deter or suppress any
        threat or use of force in violation of the purposes and
        principles of the United Nations:

        (a) States shall agree upon strengthening the structure,
        authority, and operation of the United Nations so as to assure
        that the United Nations will be able effectively to protect
        states against threats to or breaches of the peace.

        (b) The U.N. Peace Force shall be established and progressively
        strengthened.

        (c) States shall also agree upon further improvements and
        developments in rules of international conduct and in processes
        for peaceful settlement of disputes and differences.


                               STAGE III

    By the time Stage II has been completed, the confidence produced
    through a verified disarmament program, the acceptance of rules of
    peaceful international behavior, and the development of
    strengthened international peace-keeping processes within the
    framework of the U.N. should have reached a point where the states
    of the world can move forward to Stage III. In Stage III
    progressive controlled disarmament and continuously developing
    principles and procedures of international law would proceed to a
    point where no state would have the military power to challenge the
    progressively strengthened U.N. Peace Force and all international
    disputes would be settled according to the agreed principles of
    international conduct.

    The progressive steps to be taken during the final phase of the
    disarmament program would be directed toward the attainment of a
    world in which:

        (a) States would retain only those forces, non-nuclear
        armaments, and establishments required for the purpose of
        maintaining internal order; they would also support and provide
        agreed manpower for a U.N Peace Force.

        (b) The U.N. Peace Force, equipped with agreed types and
        quantities of armaments, would be fully functioning.

        (c) The manufacture of armaments would be prohibited except for
        those of agreed types and quantities to be used by the U.N.
        Peace Force and those required to maintain internal order. All
        other armaments would be destroyed or converted to peaceful
        purposes.

        (d) The peace-keeping capabilities of the United Nations would
        be sufficiently strong and the obligations of all states under
        such arrangements sufficiently far-reaching as to assure peace
        and the just settlement of differences in a disarmed world.



            U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 11161 O-609147

=================================================================

"Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed forever. You might
dodge sucessfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they
were bound to get you."
                                 -- George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four

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