04750
 \\They knew not\\ (\\ouk epeginskon\\). Imperfect active of \\epiginsk\\,
 to recognize. Probably conative, tried to recognize and could not
 (Conybeare and Howson). The island was well-known
 # 28:1
 \\epegnmen\\), but St. Paul's Bay where the wreck took place was
 some distance from the main harbour (Valetta) of Melita (Malta).
 \\They perceived\\ (\\katenooun\\). Imperfect active of \\katanoe\\,
 gradually perceived after some effort as in
 # 11:16
 This beach seemed their only hope. \\They took counsel\\
 (\\ebouleuonto\\). Imperfect middle showing the process of
 deliberation and doubt. The bay "having a beach" (\\echonta\\
 \\aigialon\\) is a phrase found in Xenophon's _Anabasis_ VI. 4, 4.
 \\Whether they could drive\\ (\\ei dunainto ekssai\\). This use of the
 optative with \\ei\\ in questions of this sort (implied indirect) is
 a neat Greek idiom (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 1021). B C Bohairic
 read \\ekssai\\ (first aorist active infinitive of \\eksz\\), to save
 out (so Westcott and Hort), instead of \\exsai\\ (from \\exthe\\, to
 push out, as Textus Receptus).

04751
 \\Casting off\\ (\\perielontes\\). Second aorist active of \\periaire\\.
 Literally, "Having taken away from around," that is all four
 anchors from around the stern. Cf. the other verbs with \\agkuras\\
 in verse
 # 29,30
 \\They left them in the sea\\ (\\ein eis tn thalassan\\). Imperfect
 active of \\ea\\, either descriptive or inchoative. They let the
 anchors go and the ropes fell down into the sea. \\At the same time\\
 \\loosing the bands of the rudders\\ (\\hama anentes tas zeuktrias tn\\
 \\pdalin\\). On the use of \\hama\\ with the participle, old Greek
 idiom see Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 1139. The second aorist active
 participle of \\animi\\, to relax, loosen up. Old verb, in N.T.
 # Ac 16:26; 27:40; Eph 6:9; Heb 13:5
 Thayer notes that \\zeuktrias\\ (bands) occurs nowhere else, but
 several papyri use it of yokes and waterwheels (Moulton and
 Milligan's _Vocabulary_). The word for rudders (\\pdalion\\) is an
 old one (from \\pdon\\, the blade of an oar), but in the N.T. only
 here and
 # Jas 3:4
 Page notes that the ancient ships had a pair of paddle rudders
 like those of the early northmen, one on each quarter. The paddle
 rudders had been fastened while the ship was anchored. \\Hoisting\\
 \\up the foresail to the wind\\ (\\eparantes ton artemna ti\\
 \\pneousi\\). Supply \\auri\\ (breeze) after \\pneousi\\ (blowing). It is
 not clear what "sail" is meant by "\\artemna\\." No other example in
 Greek is known, though the scholiast to Juvenal XII. 68 explains
 \\velo prora suo\\ by _artemone solo_. Hence "foresail" is probably
 correct. \\They made for the beach\\ (\\kateichon eis ton aigialon\\).
 Imperfect active of \\katech\\, to hold down, perhaps inchoative.
 "They began to hold the ship steadily for the beach."

04752
 \\But lighting upon\\ (\\peripesontes de\\). Second aorist active
 participle of \\peripipt\\, old verb to fall into and so be
 encompassed by as in
 # Lu 10:30; Jas 1:2
 There is a current on one side of St. Paul's Bay between a little
 island (Salmonetta) and Malta which makes a sand bank between the
 two currents. Unexpectedly the ship stuck in this sandbar. \\Where\\
 \\two seas met\\ (\\dithalasson\\). Used in Strabo and Dio Chrysostom for
 divided seas (\\dis, thalassa\\). \\They ran the vessel aground\\
 (\\epekeilan tn naun\\). First aorist active indicative of old verb
 \\epikell\\, to run a ship ashore. Only here in N.T. Here also we
 have the only N.T. use of \\naus\\ for ship (from \\na, ne\\, to swim)
 so common in ancient Greek. Our word navy is from this word
 through the Latin. \\Struck\\ (\\ereisasa\\). First aorist active
 participle of \\ereid\\, old verb to fix firmly. Only here in N.T.
 \\Unmoveable\\ (\\asaleutos\\). From \\a\\ privative and \\saleu\\ to shake.
 Old word. In N.T. only here and
 # Heb 12:28
 \\Began to break up\\ (\\elueto\\). Inchoative imperfect passive of the
 old verb \\lu\\, to loosen. The prow was stuck in the sand-bar, and
 the stern was breaking to pieces by the opposing waves lashing on
 both sides. It was a critical moment.

04753
 \\Counsel was to kill\\ (\\boul egeneto hina--apokteinsin\\). The
 soldiers did not relish the idea of the escape of the prisoners.
 Hence there came this "counsel" (\\boul\\). Regular Greek idiom for
 purpose (\\hina\\ and aorist active subjunctive of \\apoktein\\, to
 kill). Soldiers were responsible for the lives of prisoners
 # Ac 12:19
 \\Swim out\\ (\\ekkolumbsas\\). First aorist active participle of
 \\ekkolumba\\, old verb to swim out and so away. \\Escape\\ (\\diaphugi\\).
 Second aorist (effective) active subjunctive of \\diapheug\\, to
 make a clean (\\dia\\) escape.

04754
 \\To save Paul\\ (\\diassai ton Paulon\\). Effective first aorist active
 infinitive of \\diasz\\. And no wonder for the centurion knew now
 how much they all owed to Paul. \\Stayed them from their purpose\\
 (\\ekleusen autous tou boulmatos\\.) Ablative case of \\boulma\\ after
 \\ekleusen\\ (from \\kleu\\, to hinder, common verb). \\And get first to\\
 \\land\\ (\\prtous eis tn gn exienai\\). This classic verb \\exeimi\\
 occurs four times in Acts
 # 13:42; 17:15; 20:7; 27:32
 and nowhere else in the N.T. It was a wise command.

04755
 \\Some on planks\\ (\\hous men epi sanisin\\). Common Greek idiom (\\hous\\
 \\men--hous de\\) for "some--some." The only N.T. instance of the old
 Greek word \\sanis\\ for board or plank. The breaking of the ship
 gave scraps of timber which some used. \\They all escaped safe\\
 (\\pantas diasthnai\\). First aorist passive infinitive of \\diasz\\
 (the very word used for the desire of the centurion about Paul)
 with accusative of general reference, the clause being subject of
 \\egeneto\\. So Luke in this marvellous narrative, worthy of any
 historian in any age, shows how Paul's promise was fulfilled
 (verse
 # 24
 Paul the prisoner is the hero of the voyage and shipwreck, a
 wonderful example of God's providential care.

04756
 \\Then we knew\\ (\\tote epegnmen\\). Second aorist (ingressive) active
 indicative of \\epiginsk\\. Then we recognized. See
 # 27:39
 \\Was called\\ (\\kaleitai\\). Present passive indicative retained in
 indirect discourse. \\Melita\\ (\\Melit\\). Not \\Mileten\\ as only B
 reads, a clerical error, but retained in the text of Westcott and
 Hort because of B. Page notes that the island was Malta as is
 shown from the name, the location, the presence of a ship from
 Alexandria bound for Rome wintering there (verse
 # 11
 and the mention of Syracuse as the next stop after leaving (verse
 # 12

04757
 \\The barbarians\\ (\\hoi barbaroi\\). The Greeks called all men
 "barbarians" who did not speak Greek
 # Ro 1:14
 not "barbarians" in our sense of rude and uncivilized, but simply
 "foreign folk." Diodorus Siculus (V. 12) says that it was a
 colony of the Phoenicians and so their language was Punic (Page).
 The word originally meant an uncouth repetition (\\barbar\\) not
 understood by others
 # 1Co 14:11
 In
 # Col 3:11
 Paul couples it with Scythian as certainly not Christian. These
 are (with verse
 # 4
 below) the only N.T. instances. \\Showed us\\ (\\pareichan\\). Imperfect
 active of \\parech\\ with \\-an\\ instead of \\-on\\ as \\eichan\\ in
 # Mr 8:7
 (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 339). It was their habit on this
 occasion, Luke means, they kept on showing. \\No common kindness\\
 (\\ou tn tuchousan philanthrpian\\). The old word \\philanthrpia\\
 (\\philos\\, \\anthrpos\\), love of mankind, occurs in the N.T. only
 here and
 # Tit 3:4
 (adverb in
 # 27:3
 See note on "Ac 19:11"
  for this use of \\ou tn tuchousan\\, "not the kindness that happens
 every day." They were not "wreckers" to take advantage of the
 calamity. \\They kindled a fire\\ (\\hapsantes puran\\). The only N.T.
 example and verse
 # 3
 of the old word \\pura\\ (from \\pur\\, fire), a pile of burning fuel
 (sticks). First aorist active participle of \\hapt\\, to set fire
 to, to kindle. Cf. \\anapt\\ in
 # Lu 12:49
 \\Received us all\\ (\\proselabonto pantas hms\\). Second aorist middle
 (indirect indicative of \\proslamban\\. They took us all to
 themselves (cf.
 # Ac 18:26
 \\The present\\ (\\ton ephestta\\). Second perfect active participle
 (intransitive) of \\ephistmi\\, "the rain that stood upon them" (the
 pouring rain). Only in Luke and Paul in N.T.

04758
 \\When Paul had gathered\\ (\\sustrepsantos tou Paulou\\). Genitive
 absolute with first aorist active participle of \\sustreph\\, old
 verb to twist or turn together or roll into a bundle. In N.T.
 only here and
 # Mt 17:22
 \\A bundle of sticks\\ (\\phrugann ti plthos\\). "Some multitude (or
 pile) of dry twigs" (\\phrugann\\ from \\phrug\\ or \\phruss\\, to dry.
 Only here in N.T.). \\Laid\\ (\\epithentos\\). So genitive absolute again
 with second aorist active participle of \\epitithmi\\, to place
 upon. Few things show Paul to better advantage than this
 incident. \\By reason of the heat\\ (\\apo ts therms\\). Old word, only
 here in N.T. Ablative case with \\apo\\ (from the heat). The viper
 was in a state of torpor in the bundle of sticks. The heat
 wakened him. \\A viper\\ (\\echidna\\). The old word used by the Baptist
 of the Pharisees
 # Mt 3:7; Lu 3:7
 and by Jesus also
 # Mt 12:34; 23:33
 It is objected that there is little wood in the island today and
 no vipers, though Lewin as late as 1853 believes that he saw a
 viper near St. Paul's Bay. But the island now has 1,200 people to
 the square mile and snakes of any kind have a poor chance. The
 viper has also disappeared from Arran as the island became more
 frequented (Knowling). Ramsay thinks that the small constrictor
 (_Coronella Austriaca_) which still exists in the island may be
 the "viper," though it has no poison fangs, but clings and bites.
 The natives thought that it was a poisonous viper. \\Fastened on\\
 \\his hand\\ (\\kathpse ts cheiros autou\\). First aorist active
 indicative of \\kathapt\\, to fasten down on with the genitive case.
 Old verb, here only in N.T. Cf.
 # Mr 16:18

04759
 \\The beast\\ (\\to thrion\\). Diminutive of \\thr\\ and so little beast.
 See note on "Mr 1:13"
 Aristotle and the medical writers apply the word to venomous
 serpents, the viper in particular (Knowling), as Luke does here.
 Vincent calls attention to the curious history of our word
 "_treacle_" for molasses (Latin _theriaca_) from \\thriak\\, an
 antidote made from the flesh of vipers. Coverdale translates
 # Jer 8:22
 : "There is no more treacle in Gilead." Jeremy Taylor: "We kill
 the viper and make treacle of him." \\Hanging from his hand\\
 (\\kremamenon ek ts cheiros autou\\). Vivid picture of the snake
 dangling from Paul's hand. Present middle participle of \\kremamai\\,
 late form for \\kremannumi\\, to hang up, to suspend (cf.
 # Ga 3:13
 \\No doubt\\ (\\pants\\). Literally, By all means, old adverb. Cf.
 # 21:22; Lu 4:23; 1Co 9:22
 Only by Luke and Paul in the N.T. "They _knew_ that he was a
 prisoner being taken to Rome on some grave charge, and _inferred_
 that the charge was murder" (Page). \\Though he hath escaped\\
 (\\diasthenta\\). First aorist passive participle of \\diasz\\ (same
 verb used in
 # 24:43,44; 28:1
 so-called concessive use of the participle (Robertson, _Grammar_,
 p. 1129). \\Yet Justice\\ (\\dik\\). An abstraction personified like the
 Latin _Justitia_ (Page). The natives speak of \\Dik\\ as a goddess,
 but we know nothing of such actual worship in Malta, though the
 Greeks worshipped abstractions as in Athens. \\Hath not suffered\\
 (\\ouk eiasen\\). Did not suffer. They look on Paul as a doomed man
 as good as dead. These people thought that calamity was proof of
 guilt, poor philosophy and worse theology.

04760
 \\Shook off\\ (\\apotinaxas\\). First aorist active participle of
 \\apotinass\\, to shake off. Rare word (Euripides, Galen, LXX). In
 N.T. only here and
 # Lu 9:5

04761
 \\But they expected\\ (\\hoi de prosedokn\\). Imperfect active, were
 expecting, continued to expect. \\That he would have swollen\\ (\\auton\\
 \\mellein pimprasthai\\). More exactly, "Expecting him to be about
 (or that he was about) to swell up." \\Pimprasthai\\ is present
 middle infinitive from \\pimprmi\\, to blow, to burn, to inflame, to
 cause to swell. \\Prth\\, to swell, seems connected and both use
 the aorist \\eprsa\\. Our word "inflammation" likewise means a
 burning and a swelling. This verb is a common medical term used
 as Luke has it. It occurs here only in N.T. \\Or fallen down dead\\
 \\suddenly\\ (\\ katapiptein aphn nekron\\). Rather, "or was about to
 fall down dead suddenly." The two common results of a bite by a
 viper or other poisonous snake, both medical terms used by Luke.
 \\But when they were long in expectation\\ (\\epi polu de autn\\
 \\prosdokntn\\). Genitive absolute. "But while they were expecting
 for much time." \\Nothing amiss come to him\\ (\\mden atopon eis auton\\
 \\ginomenon\\). "Nothing out of place coming to him" (present middle
 participle). \\Mden\\ the usual negative of the participle and the
 accusative case the object of \\therountn\\ (genitive absolute).
 \\Changed their minds\\ (\\metabalomenoi\\). Aorist middle (direct)
 participle of \\metaball\\, old verb to turn about or around,
 turning themselves about, changing their minds. Plato uses this
 very verb in middle voice for changing the mind. \\That he was a\\
 \\god\\ (\\auton einai theon\\). Accusative and infinitive in indirect
 discourse. At Lystra Paul was first received as a god (Mercury)
 and then they stoned him to kill him
 # Ac 14:11,19
 So fickle is popular favour.

04762
 \\To the chief man of the island\\ (\\ti prti ts nsou\\). An
 official title correct in Malta (Ramsay, _St. Paul_, p. 343). An
 inscription in Malta calls Prudens "Primate of the Maltese"
 (\\prtos Melitain\\). Here it is plainly a title and not the common
 use seen in
 # 13:50; 25:2; 28:17
 \\Publius\\ (\\Poplii\\). This Greek name (\\praenomen\\) can be derived
 either from \\Popilius\\ or \\Publius\\ (cf. \\publicus\\ for \\populicus\\
 from \\populus\\). Entertained us (\\exenisen hms\\). Paul and his
 companions (Luke and Aristarchus). Was Julius included? On
 \\xeniz\\ see
 # Ac 10:23
 \\Courteously\\ (\\philophrons\\). This old adverb from \\philophrn\\
 (\\philos, phren\\, friendly mind) occurs here alone in the N.T. In a
 kindly or friendly manner, all the more so because of the
 original suspicion of Paul as a criminal.

04763
 \\Lay\\ (\\katakeisthai\\). Common verb for the sick
 # Mr 1:30; Joh 5:6
 \\Sick\\ (\\sunechomenon\\). "Held together." Common verb again for the
 sick as in
 # Lu 4:38
 \\Of fever\\ (\\puretois\\). Instrumental case, and plural "fevers,"
 medical term for intermittent attacks of fever (Demosthenes,
 Lucian, medical writers). \\Dysentery\\ (\\dusenterii\\). Instrumental
 case also. Late form of the older \\dusenteria\\ and only here in
 N.T. Our very word _dysentery_. Another medical term of which
 Luke uses so many. Hippocrates often mentions these two diseases
 together. \\Laying his hands on him healed him\\ (\\epitheis tas\\
 \\cheiras auti iasato auton\\). Either like the laying on of hands
 in
 # Jas 5:14
 the gift of healing
 # 1Co 12:9
 or the tender interest of Jesus when he took hold of the hand of
 Peter's mother-in-law
 # Mr 1:31
 Ramsay argues that \\iaomai\\ is employed here of the miraculous
 healing by Paul while \\therapeu\\ is used of the cures by Luke the
 physician (verse
 # 9
 This is a general distinction and it is probably observed here,
 but in
 # Lu 6:18
 (which see) both verbs are employed of the healings by Jesus.
 \\Came and were healed\\ (\\prosrchonto kai etherapeuonto\\). Imperfect
 middle and imperfect passive. A regular stream of patients came
 during these months. Luke had his share in the honours, "us"
 (\\hms\\), and no doubt his share in the cures. \\With many honours\\
 (\\pollais timais\\). Instrumental case. The word was often applied
 to payment for professional services as we today speak of an
 honorarium. \\They put on board\\ (\\epethento\\). Second aorist middle
 indicative of \\epitithmi\\, to put on. The idea of "on board" is
 merely suggested by \\anagomenois\\ (when we sailed) "the things for
 our needs" (\\ta pros tas chreias\\).

04764
04765
04766
 \\Which had wintered\\ (\\parakecheimakoti\\). Perfect active participle
 of \\paracheimaz\\, to pass the winter. Old verb, in N.T. only
 # 27:12; 28:11; 1Co 16:6; Tit 3:12
 The locative case agreeing with \\ploii\\. Navigation in the
 Mediterranean usually opened up in February (always by March),
 spring beginning on Feb. 9 (Page). \\Whose sign was the Twin\\
 \\Brothers\\ (\\parasmi Dioskourois\\). The word \\parasmi\\ can be
 either a substantive (as Revised Version has it) or an adjective
 "marked by the sign," examples of both uses common in ancient
 Greek. \\Dioskourois\\ is in apposition with \\parasmi\\. The word
 means the twin sons (\\kouros\\ or \\koros\\) of Zeus (\\Dios\\, genitive
 of \\Zeus\\) and Leda, viz., Castor and Pollux. The Attic used the
 dual, \\t Dioskor\\. Castor and Pollux were the tutelary deities of
 sailors whose figures were painted one on each side of the prow
 of the ship. This sign was the name of the ship. So they start in
 another grain ship of Alexandria bound for Rome.

04767
 \\Touching\\ (\\katachthentes\\). First aorist passive participle of
 \\katag\\, to go down to land, just the opposite of \\anchthmen\\ in
 verse
 # 11
 from \\anag\\, to go up to sea. \\At Syracuse\\ (\\eis Surakousas\\). The
 chief city of Sicily and eighty miles from Malta. Perhaps open
 weather and a southerly wind helped them across. Here it was that
 Alcibiades wrecked the power and glory of Athens. Why the ship
 spent three days we do not know.

04768
 \\We made a circuit\\ (\\perielthontes\\). Second aorist active of
 \\perierchomai\\, to go around, old verb, already in
 # 19:13
 See also
 # Heb 11:37; 1Ti 5:13
 But Westcott and Hort read \\perielontes\\ after Aleph B (from
 \\periaire\\) as in
 # 27:40
 though here it could only mean casting loose, for which no other
 authority exists. At any rate the ship had to tack to reach
 Rhegium and was not able to make a straight course (\\enthudrome\\,
 # 16:11
 \\Rhegium\\ (\\Rhgion\\) is from \\rhgnumi\\, to break off, the place where
 the land breaks off, the southern entrance to the straits of
 Messina. \\A south wind sprang up\\ (\\epigenomenou notou\\). Genitive
 absolute again, and for all the world like that fatal south wind
 in
 # 27:13
 but with no bad results this time, though the weather was plainly
 treacherous at this early season. \\On the second day\\ (\\deuteraioi\\).
 This is the classical use of the predicate adjective, "We second
 day men" as in
 # Lu 24:22; Joh 11:39; Php 3:5
 instead of the adverb (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 657). \\To Puteoli\\
 (\\eis Potiolous\\). It was 182 miles from Rhegium and would require
 26 hours (Page). It was eight miles northwest from Neapolis
 (Naples) and the chief port of Rome, the regular harbour for the
 Alexandrian ships from Rome. Portions of the great mole are said
 to be still visible.

04769
 \\Where we found brethren\\ (\\hou heurontes adelphous\\). Possibly from
 Alexandria, but, as Blass observes, it is no more strange to find
 "brethren" in Christ in Puteoli when Paul arrives than in Rome.
 There was a large Jewish quarter. \\Seven days\\ (\\hmeras hepta\\).
 Accusative of extent of time. Paul and his party remained so long
 at the urgent request of the brethren. He was still a prisoner,
 but clearly Julius was only too glad to show another courtesy to
 Paul to whom they all owed their lives. It was 130 miles by land
 from Puteoli to Rome over one of the great Roman roads. \\And so we\\
 \\came to Rome\\ (\\kai houts eis tn Romn lthamen\\). So at last.
 Luke is exultant as Page observes: _Paulus Romae captivus:
 triumphus unicus_. It is the climax of the book of Acts
 # 19:21; 23:11
 but not the close of Paul's career. Page rightly remarks that a
 new paragraph should begin with verse
 # 15
 for brethren came from Rome and this part of the journey is
 touched with the flavour of that incident. The great event is
 that Paul reached Rome, but not as he had once hoped
 # Ro 15:22-29

04770
 \\When they heard of us\\ (\\akousantes ta peri hmn\\). How "they heard
 the things concerning us" we do not know. Good news had its way
 of travel even before the days of telegraph, telephone, daily
 papers. Possibly Julius had to send on special couriers with news
 of his arrival after the shipwreck. Possibly some of the brethren
 in Puteoli at once (beginning of the week) sent on news to the
 brethren in Rome. The church in Rome had long ago received Paul's
 letter from Corinth at the hands of Phoebe. \\To meet us\\ (\\eis\\
 \\apantsin hmin\\). Idiomatic phrase, "for meeting with us"
 (associative instrumental case). _Koin_ word \\apantsis\\ from verb
 \\apanta\\, to meet, in N.T. only here;
 # Mt 25:6; 1Ti 4:17
 Use after \\eis\\ rather than infinitive like a translation Hebraism
 (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 91). \\As far as the Market of Appius\\
 (\\achri Appiou Phorou\\). The Forum of Appius, 90 miles from
 Puteoli, 40 from Rome, on the great Appian Way. The Censor Appius
 Claudius had constructed this part of the road, B.C. 312. Paul
 probably struck the Appian Way at Capua. Portions of this great
 stone highway are still in use. If one wishes to tread where Paul
 trod, he can do it here. Appii Forum had a bad reputation, the
 haunt of thieves, thugs, and swindlers. What would this motley
 crowd think of Paul chained to a soldier? \\Three Taverns\\ (\\Trin\\
 \\Tabernn\\). Genitive case after \\achri\\ like \\Appiou Phorou\\. About 30
 miles from Rome. _Tres Tabernae_. \\Whom\\ (\\hous\\). Two groups of the
 disciples came (one Gentile, one Jewish, Rackham thinks), one to
 Appii Forum, the other to Three Taverns. It was a joyous time and
 Julius would not interfere. \\Took courage\\ (\\elabe tharsos\\). The old
 substantive \\tharsos\\ is here alone in the N.T. Jesus himself had
 exhorted Paul to be of good courage (\\tharsei\\
 # Ac 23:11
 as he had done the disciples
 # Joh 16:33
 Paul had passed through enough to cause depression, whether he
 was depressed or not, but he deeply appreciated this kindly
 sympathy.

04771
 \\Paul was suffered to abide by himself\\ (\\epetrap ti Pauli menein\\
 \\kath' heauton\\). Second aorist passive of \\epitrepo\\, to permit or
 allow. Literally, "It was permitted to Paul to abide by himself."
 Some late documents (Textus Receptus) here add: "The centurion
 delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard" (or the
 \\stratopedarch\\). This officer used to be considered Burrus who was
 Prefect of the Praetorian Guard A.D. 51-62. But it is by no means
 certain that Julius turned the prisoners over to this officer. It
 seems more likely that Julius would report to the captain of the
 Peregrini. If so, we may be sure that Julius would give a good
 report of Paul to this officer who would be kindly disposed and
 would allow Paul comparative freedom (living by himself, in his
 lodging, verse
 # 23
 his own hired house verse
 # 30
 though still chained to a soldier). \\With the soldier that guarded\\
 \\him\\ (\\sun ti phulassonti auton stratiti\\). Probably a new
 soldier every day or night, but always with this soldier chained
 to his right hand day and night. Now that Paul is in Rome what
 can he do for Christ while he awaits the outcome of his own
 appeal to Nero?

04772
 \\Those that were the chief of the Jews\\ (\\tous ontas tn Ioudain\\
 \\prtous\\). This use of \\prtos\\ for the leading men of a city or
 among the Jews we have already had in
 # 13:50; 25:2; Lu 19:47
 Literally, "Those that were first among the Jews." The position
 of the participle \\ontas\\ between the article and the adjective
 \\prtous\\ is regular (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 777). \\When they were\\
 \\come together\\ (\\sunelthontn autn\\). Genitive absolute again. Paul
 could not go to the synagogue, as his custom was, being a bound
 prisoner. So he invited the Jewish leaders to come to his lodging
 and hear his explanation of his presence in Rome as a prisoner
 with an appeal to Caesar. He is anxious that they may understand
 that this appeal was forced upon him by Festus following Felix
 and lot because he has come to make an attack on the Jewish
 people. He was sure that false reports had come to Rome. These
 non-Christian Jews accepted Paul's invitation. \\Nothing against\\
 (\\ouden enantion\\). Adjective here as in
 # 26:9
 not preposition as in
 # 7:10; 8:32
 From \\en\\ and \\antios\\ (\\anti\\), face to face. Concessive participle
 \\poisas\\ as in verse
 # 4
 (\\diasthenta\\) which see. \\Yet was I delivered prisoner from\\
 \\Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans\\ (\\desmios ex Ierosolumn\\
 \\paredothn eis tas cheiras tn Romain\\). This condensed statement
 does not explain how he "was delivered," for in fact the Jews
 were trying to kill him when Lysias rescued him from the mob
 # 22:27-36
 The Jews were responsible for his being in the hands of the
 Romans, though they had hoped to kill him first.

04773
 \\When they had examined me\\ (\\anakrinantes me\\). First aorist active
 participle of \\anakrin\\, the same verb used already in
 # 24:8; 25:6,26
 of the judicial examinations by Felix and Festus. \\Desired\\
 (\\eboulonto\\). Imperfect middle of attempted action or picture of
 their real attitude. This is a correct statement as the words of
 both Felix and Festus show. \\Because there was\\ (\\dia\\
 \\to--huparchein\\). Accusative case with \\dia\\ (causal use) with the
 articular infinitive, "Because of the being no cause of death in
 me" (\\en emoi\\, in my case, \\aitia\\, usual word for crime or charge
 of crime).

04774
 \\When the Jews spake against it\\ (\\antilegontn tn Ioudain\\).
 Genitive absolute again, \\antilegontn\\ (\\antileg\\) common verb for
 speaking against as in
 # 13:45
 _Clementer dicit_ (Bengel). "The word is a mild one to describe
 the bitter enmity of the Jews" (Knowling). \\I was constrained\\
 (\\nagkasthn\\). "I was compelled," first aorist passive indicative
 of \\anagkaz\\, the very word used of Paul's efforts to get the
 Christians to blaspheme
 # 26:11
 which see. Paul was compelled to appeal to Caesar (see
 # 25:11,12
 for this phrase), unless Paul was willing to be the victim of
 Jewish hate when he had done no wrong. \\Not that I had aught to\\
 \\accuse my nation of\\ (\\ouch hs tou ethnous mou echn ti\\
 \\katgorein\\). This use of \\hs\\ with a participle (\\echn\\) is common
 in Greek for the alleged reason. The genitive case with the
 infinitive \\katgorein\\ is regular. Paul says \\ethnos\\ instead of
 \\laos\\ as in
 # 24:17; 26:4

04775
 \\Did I intreat\\ (\\parekalesa\\). Did I invite you. \\Because of the hope\\
 \\of Israel\\ (\\heineken ts elpidos tou Israel\\). Genitive with
 preposition \\heineken\\. The hope of the Messiah is his point as in
 # 26:6
 \\I am bound with this chain\\ (\\tn halusin tautn perikeimai\\). This
 old verb means to lie around as in
 # Lu 17:2; Heb 12:1
 But it is also used as the passive of \\peritithmi\\, to place
 around with the accusative of \\peritithmi\\ retained. It is a
 transitive passive. Paul does not lie around the chain, but the
 chain lies around him, a curious reversal of the imagery
 (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 815).

04776
 \\Letters\\ (\\grammata\\). Official documents from the Sanhedrin about
 the charges against Paul. \\Any harm of thee\\ (\\ti peri sou ponron\\).
 \\Evil\\ (\\ponron\\). The three aorists (\\edexametha, apggeilen,\\
 \\elalsen\\) cover the past. These Jews do not mean to say that they
 had never heard of Paul. It is hardly likely that they had heard
 of his appeal to Caesar, "for how could the news have reached
 Rome before Paul?" (Page).

04777
 \\But we desire\\ (\\axioumen de\\). Old verb \\axio\\, to deem worthy, to
 think right or proper as in
 # 15:38
 which see. They think it only fair to hear Paul's side of his
 case. \\Concerning this sect\\ (\\peri ts haireses tauts\\). Paul had
 identified Christianity with Judaism (verse
 # 20
 in its Messianic hope. The language seems to imply that the
 number of Christians in Rome was comparatively small and mainly
 Gentile. If the edict of Claudius for the expulsion of the Jews
 from Rome
 # Ac 18:2
 was due to disturbance over Christ (\\Chrstus\\), then even in Rome
 the Jews had special reason for hostility towards Christians.
 \\Everywhere spoken against\\ (\\pantachou antilegetai\\). Cf. verse
 # 19
 The line of cleavage between Jew and Christian was now sharply
 drawn everywhere.

04778
 \\Appointed\\ (\\taxamenoi\\). First aorist middle participle of \\tass\\.
 Formal arrangement as in
 # Mt 28:16
 when Jesus appointed the mountain for his meeting in Galilee. \\In\\
 \\great number\\ (\\pleiones\\). Comparative of \\polus\\, "more than a few."
 \\Expounded\\ (\\exetitheto\\). Imperfect middle of \\ektithmi\\, to set
 forth, as in
 # 11:4; 18:26
 He did it with detail and care and spent all day at it, "from
 morning till evening" (\\apo pri hes hesperas\\). In N.T. only
 here,
 # 4:3
 and
 # Lu 24:29
 though common word. \\Persuading them concerning Jesus\\ (\\peithn\\
 \\autous peri tou Isou\\). Conative present active participle,
 trying to persuade. It was only about Jesus that he could make
 good his claim concerning the hope of Israel (verse
 # 20
 It was Paul's great opportunity. So he appealed both to Moses and
 to the prophets for proof as it was his custom to do.

04779
 \\Some believed\\ (\\hoi men epeithonto\\). Imperfect passive indicative
 of \\peith\\. More exactly, "some began to be persuaded"
 (inchoative). \\Some disbelieved\\ (\\hoi de pistoun\\). Imperfect
 active of \\apiste\\, to disbelieve, continued to disbelieve. It is
 usually so.

04780
 \\When they agreed not\\ (\\asumphnoi ontes\\). Old adjective, only here
 in N.T., double compound (\\a\\ privative, \\sum, phn\\), without
 symphony, out of harmony, dissonant, discordant. It was a triumph
 to gain adherents at all in such an audience. \\They departed\\
 (\\apeluonto\\). Imperfect middle (direct) indicative, "They loosed
 themselves from Paul." Graphic close. \\After that Paul had spoken\\
 \\one word\\ (\\eipontos tou Paulou rhma hen\\). Genitive absolute. One
 last word (like a preacher) after the all day exposition. \\Well\\
 (\\kals\\). Cf.
 # Mt 14:7; Mr 7:6,9
 (irony). Here strong indignation in the very position of the word
 (Page). \\To your fathers\\ (\\pros tous pateras humn\\). So Aleph A B
 instead of \\hmn\\ (our) like Stephen in
 # 7:52
 whose words Paul had heard. By mentioning the Holy Spirit Paul
 shows (Knowling) that they are resisting God
 # 7:52

04781
 \\Say\\ (\\eipon\\). Second aorist active imperative instead of the old
 form \\eipe\\. The quotation is from
 # Isa 6:9,10
 This very passage is quoted by Jesus
 # Mt 13:14,15; Mr 4:12; Lu 8:10
 in explanation of his use of parables and in
 # Joh 12:40
 the very point made by Paul here, "the disbelief of the Jews in
 Jesus" (Page). See on Matthew for discussion of the language
 used. Here the first time ("go to this people and say") does not
 occur in Matthew. It is a solemn dirge of the doom of the Jews
 for their rejection of the Messiah foreseen so long ago by
 Isaiah.

04782
04783
 \\This salvation\\ (\\touto to strion\\). Adjective from \\str\\
 (Saviour), saving, bringing salvation. Common in the old Greek.
 The neuter as here often in LXX (as
 # Ps 67:2
 as substantive like \\stria\\ (cf.
 # Lu 3:6
 \\They will also hear\\ (\\autoi kai akousontai\\). \\Autoi\\ as opposed to
 the rejection by the Jews, "vivid and antithetical" (Page).

04784
04785
 \\Two whole years\\ (\\dietian holn\\). Only here in N.T. and
 # 24:27
 which see. During these busy years in Rome Paul wrote
 Philippians, Philemon, Colossians, Ephesians, Epistles that would
 immortalize any man, unless, forsooth, one or more of them was
 written from Ephesus or Caesarea, which has not yet been proven.
 \\In his own hired dwelling\\ (\\en idii misthmati\\). Old word, here
 only in N.T., that which is hired for a price (from \\mistho\\ and
 that from \\misthos\\, hire). \\Received\\ (\\apedecheto\\). Imperfect middle
 of \\apodechomai\\, received from time to time as they came, all that
 came (\\eisporeuomenous\\) from time to time. \\Preaching\\ (\\kerussn\\),
 \\teaching\\ (\\didaskn\\), the two things that concerned Paul most,
 doing both as if his right hand was not in chains, to the
 amazement of those in Rome and in Philippi
 # Php 1:12-14
 \\None forbidding him\\ (\\akluts\\). Old adverb from \\a\\ privative and
 the verbal adjective \\klutos\\ (from \\klu\\, to hinder), here only
 in the N.T. Page comments on "the rhythmic cadence of the
 concluding words." Page rejects the notion that the book is an
 unfinished work. It closes with the style of a concluded work. I
 agree with Harnack that Luke wrote the Acts during this period of
 two years in Rome and carried events no further because they had
 gone no further. Paul was still a prisoner in Rome when Luke
 completed the book. But he had carried Paul to "Rome, the capital
 of the world, _Urbi et Orbi_" (Page). The gospel of Christ has
 reached Rome. For the fate of Paul we must turn elsewhere. But
 Luke had the presence of Paul while he carried the Acts to its
 triumphant conclusion. Ramsay can give a good deal in proof of
 his claim that Luke is the greatest of all historians. Beyond a
 doubt his rank is high and the world can never repay its debt to
 this cultured physician who wrote the Gospel and the Acts.



04786
04787
 \\To the Romans\\ (\\pros Rmaious\\). This is the title in Aleph A B C,
 our oldest Greek MSS. for the Epistle. We do not know whether
 Paul gave any title at all. Later MSS. add other words up to the
 Textus Receptus: The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. The Epistle
 is put first in the MSS. because it is the most important of
 Paul's Epistles.

 \\Paul\\ (\\Paulos\\). Roman name (\\Paulus\\).
 See note on "Ac 13:9"
  for the origin of this name by the side of Saul. \\Servant\\
 (\\doulos\\). Bond-slave of Jesus Christ (or Christ Jesus as some
 MSS. give it and as is the rule in the later Epistles) for the
 first time in the Epistles in the opening sentence, though the
 phrase already in
 # Ga 1:10
 Recurs in
 # Php 1:1
 and \\desmios\\ (bondsman) in
 # Phm 1:1
 \\Called to be an apostle\\ (\\kltos apostolos\\). An apostle by
 vocation (Denney) as in
 # 1Co 1:1
 In
 # Ga 1:1
 \\kltos\\ is not used, but the rest of the verse has the same idea.
 \\Separated\\ (\\aphrismenos\\). Perfect passive participle of \\aphoriz\\
 for which verb
 See note on "Ga 1:15"
 Paul is a spiritual Pharisee (etymologically), separated not to
 the oral tradition, but to God's gospel, a chosen vessel
 # Ac 9:15
 By man also
 # Ac 13:2
 Many of Paul's characteristic words like \\euaggelion\\ have been
 already discussed in the previous Epistles that will call for
 little comment from now on.

04788
 \\He promised afore\\ (\\proepggeilato\\). First aorist middle of
 \\proepaggell\\ for which verb
 See note on "2Co 9:5"
 \\By\\ (\\dia\\). Through, by means of, intermediate agency like
 # Mt 1:22
 which see. \\In the holy scriptures\\ (\\en graphais hagiais\\). No
 article, yet definite. Perhaps the earliest use of the phrase
 (Sanday and Headlam). Paul definitely finds God's gospel in the
 Holy Scriptures.

04789
 \\Concerning his Son\\ (\\peri tou huiou autou\\). Just as Jesus found
 himself in the O.T.
 # Lu 24:27,46
 The deity of Christ here stated. \\According to the flesh\\ (\\kata\\
 \\sarka\\). His real humanity alongside of his real deity. For the
 descent from David see
 # Mt 1:1,6,20; Lu 1:27; Joh 7:42; Ac 13:23
 etc.

04790
 \\Who was declared\\ (\\tou horisthentos\\). Articular participle (first
 aorist passive) of \\horiz\\ for which verb
 See note on "Lu 22:22"
 See note on "Ac 2:23"
 He was the Son of God in his preincarnate state
 # 2Co 8:9; Php 2:6
 and still so after his Incarnation (verse
 # 3
 "of the seed of David"), but it was the Resurrection of the dead
 (\\ex anastases nekrn\\, the general resurrection implied by that
 of Christ) that definitely marked Jesus off as God's Son because
 of his claims about himself as God's Son and his prophecy that he
 would rise on the third day. This event (cf.
 # 1Co 15
 gave God's seal "with power" (\\en dunamei\\), "in power," declared
 so in power
 # 2Co 13:4
 The Resurrection of Christ is the miracle of miracles. "The
 resurrection only declared him to be what he truly was" (Denney).
 \\According to the spirit of holiness\\ (\\kata pneuma hagisuns\\). Not
 the Holy Spirit, but a description of Christ ethically as \\kata\\
 \\sarka\\ describes him physically (Denney). \\Hagisun\\ is rare
 # 1Th 3:13; 2Co 7:1
 in N.T.), three times in LXX, each time as the attribute of God.
 "The \\pneuma hagisuns\\, though not the Divine nature, is that in
 which the Divinity or Divine Personality Resided " (Sanday and
 Headlam). \\Jesus Christ our Lord\\ (\\Isou Christou tou kuriou\\
 \\hmn\\). These words gather up the total personality of Jesus (his
 deity and his humanity).

04791
 \\Unto obedience of faith\\ (\\eis hupakon pistes\\). Subjective
 genitive as in
 # 16:26
 the obedience which springs from faith (the act of assent or
 surrender).

04792
 \\Called to be Jesus Christ's\\ (\\kltoi Isou Christou\\). Predicate
 genitive after \\kltoi\\ (verbal adjective from \\kale\\, to call),
 though it is possible to consider it the ablative case, "called
 of (or from) Jesus Christ."

04793
 \\In Rome\\ (\\en Rmi\\). One late uncial (G of tenth century) and a
 cursive omit these words here and one or two other late MSS. omit
 \\en Rmi\\ in verse
 # 15
 This possibly proves the Epistle was circulated as a circular to
 a limited extent, but the evidence is late and slight and by no
 means shows that this was the case in the first century. It is
 not comparable with the absence of \\en Ephesi\\ in
 # Eph 1:1
 from Aleph and B (the two oldest and best MSS.). \\Beloved of God\\
 (\\agaptois theou\\). Ablative case of \\theou\\ after the verbal
 adjective like \\didaktoi theou\\ (taught of God) in
 # Joh 6:45
 (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 516). \\From God our Father and the Lord\\
 \\Jesus Christ\\ (\\apo theou patros hmn kai kuriou Isou Christou\\).
 "St. Paul, if not formally enunciating a doctrine of the Divinity
 of Christ, held a view which cannot really be distinguished from
 it" (Sanday and Headlam). Paul's theology is clearly seen in the
 terms used in verses
 # 1-7

04794
 \\First\\ (\\prton men\\). Adverb in the accusative case, but no \\epeita\\
 \\de\\ (in the next place) as in
 # Heb 7:2
 or \\epeita\\ as in
 # Jas 3:17
 follows. The rush of thoughts crowds out the balanced phraseology
 as in
 # Ro 3:2; 1Co 11:18
 \\Through\\ (\\dia\\). As the mediator or medium of thanksgiving as in
 # 7:25
 \\For\\ (\\peri\\). Concerning, about. \\That\\ (\\hoti\\). Or because. Either
 declarative or causal \\hoti\\ makes sense here. \\Your faith\\ (\\h\\
 \\pistis humn\\). "Your Christianity" (Sanday and Headlam). \\Is\\
 \\proclaimed\\ (\\kataggelletai\\). Present passive indicative of
 \\kataggell\\, to announce (\\aggell\\) up and down (\\kata\\). See also
 \\anaggell\\, to bring back news
 # Joh 5:15
 \\apaggell\\, to announce from one as the source
 # Mt 2:8
 \\prokataggell\\, to announce far and wide beforehand
 # Ac 3:18
 \\Throughout all the world\\ (\\en holi ti kosmi\\). Natural hyperbole
 as in
 # Col 1:6; Ac 17:6
 But widely known because the church was in the central city of
 the empire.

04795
 \\I serve\\ (\\latreu\\). Old verb from \\latron\\, hire, and \\latris\\,
 hireling, so to serve for hire, then to serve in general gods or
 men, whether sacred services
 # Heb 9:9; 10:2
 or spiritual service as here. Cf.
 # Ro 12:1; Php 3:3
 \\Unceasingly\\ (\\adialeipts\\). Late adverb for which see
 # 1Th 1:2; 2:13; 5:17
 only other N.T. examples. \\Always\\ (\\pantote\\). One might think that
 Paul prayed for no others, but he uses both adverbs in
 # 1Th 1:2
 He seems to have had prayer lists. He never omitted the Romans.

04796
 \\If by any means now at length\\ (\\ei ps d pote\\). A condition of
 the first class in the form of an indirect question (aim) or
 elliptical condition like
 # Ac 27:12
 (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 1024). Note the four particles together
 to express Paul's feelings of emotion that now at length somehow
 it may really come true. \\I may be prospered\\ (\\euodthsomai\\).
 First future passive indicative of \\euodo\\ for which verb
 See note on "1Co 16:2"
 \\By the will of God\\ (\\en ti thelmati tou theou\\). Paul's way lay
 "in" God's will.

04797
 \\Impart\\ (\\metad\\). Second aorist active subjunctive of \\metadidmi\\,
 to share with one.
 See note on "Lu 3:11"
 See note on "1Th 2:8"
 \\To the end ye may be established\\ (\\eis to strichthnai humas\\).
 Final clause (common in Paul) with \\eis to\\ and the first aorist
 passive infinitive of \\striz\\ for which verb
 See note on "Lu 22:32"
 See note on "1Th 3:3"
 See note on "1Th 3:13"

04798
 \\That is\\ (\\touto de estin\\). "An explanatory correction" (Denney).
 The \\de\\ should not be ignored. Instead of saying that he had a
 spiritual gift for them, he wishes to add that they also have one
 for him. \\That I with you may be comforted\\ (\\sunparaklthnai en\\
 \\humin\\). "My being comforted in you (\\en humin\\) together (\\sun-\\)
 with you," a mutual blessing to each party (you and me).

04799
 \\Oftentimes I purposed\\ (\\pollakis proethemn\\). Second aorist middle
 of \\protithmi\\, old verb to place, to propose to oneself, in N.T.
 only here,
 # 3:25; Eph 1:9
 See
 # Ac 19:21
 for this purpose. \\And was hindered\\ (\\kai ekluthn\\). "But was
 hindered," adversative use of \\kai\\. \\That I might have some fruit\\
 (\\hina tina karpon sch\\). Second aorist (ingressive), active of
 \\ech\\, to have, and here means "might get (ingressive aorist) some
 fruit."
